Biological Macromolecules

BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
• Biological
macromolecules
are large cellular • Carbohydrates
components abundantly
obtained naturally and • Proteins
are responsible for
varieties of essential • Fats
functions for the growth
and survival of living
• Nucleic acids
organisms.
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates may be broken
down into carbon and hydrate.
From the chemical formula of
carbohydrate, notice that the
ratio of C: H: O is 1: 2: 1, which
can be rewritten as Cn(H2O)n.
• Main function of carbohydrates is

to provide energy in the body.
Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides are known as
simple sugar. They cannot be
broken down by hydrolysis into
simpler carbohydrate molecules.
• Glucose is the main type of

sugar in the blood and is the
major source of energy for the
body's cells.
Monosaccharides
• Glucose- used in
dextrose, blood
sugar; the form
utilized by the
human body
• Fructose - found in
fruits and honey
Disaccharides
• A disaccharide (also called a
double sugar ) is the sugar
formed when two
monosaccharides (simple sugars)
are joined by glycosidic linkage.
Examples: Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Polysaccharides
• Like the disaccharides, the
polysaccharides cannot be
directly utilized by the body.
They must first be broken down
into monosaccharides, the only
sugar form the body can use.
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose
Proteins
• Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules
that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid
residues.
• Protein is vital for the maintenance of body tissue,

including repair.
• Protein is involved in creation of some hormones that

interacts with several organs and help regulate cell
growth.
• Protein produces enzymes that increases the rate of

chemical reaction in the body.
Prion Disease
• Prion diseases occur when
normal prion protein, found on
the surface of many cells,
becomes abnormal and clump
in the brain, causing brain
damage.
• This abnormal accumulation of

protein in the brain can cause
memory impairment,
personality changes, and
difficulties with movement.
Examples of Proteins and their Functions
• Keratin is a structural
protein found in hair, skin,
and nails.
• Collagen is a major
insoluble fibrous protein
found in connective
tissues such as tendons,
ligaments, skin, cartilage,
and the cornea of the eye.
• Enzymes.
Function to
catalyze chemical
reactions.
• Myoglobin is a
polypeptide that
stores oxygen in
muscles.
• Hemoglobin is a
globular protein that
carries oxygen from
the lungs to the
bloodstream.
Nucleic Acids
• The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is a nucleic
acid that carries the genetic code of organisms. It is fondly termed as
the blueprint of life.
• RNA, on another hand, carries the information from the DNA to the
cellular factories for the synthesis of proteins.
Lipids
• Lipids are a family of • Wax
biomolecules having varied
structures.
• Phospholipids
• They are grouped simply
because of their hydrophilic • Triglycerides
property (water-fearing).
They are soluble in non-
polar solvents such as ether, • Steroids
acetone, and benzene.
Function of Lipids
• Structural support of the cell
Function of Lipids
• Triglycerides store unused
calories and provide your
body with energy.
• Untreated or uncontrolled
high blood triglyceride levels
may increase your risk of
serious complications such as
coronary heart disease and
stroke.
Function of Lipids
• The best known and most
abundant steroid in the body
is cholesterol.
• It aids in the production of sex

hormones.
• It’s a building block for human
tissues.
• It assists in bile production in the
liver.
Function of Lipids
• Waxes are valuable to
both plants and animals
because of their
hydrophobic nature. This
makes them water
resistant, which prevents
water from sticking on
surfaces.
SUMMARY
• Carbohydrates provide energy in the
body.
• Monosaccharide – glucose and

fructose
• Disaccharide- sucrose and lactose
• Polysaccharide- glycogen and

amylopectin
SUMMARY
• Proteins are
macromolecules that
comprise one or more long
chains of amino acid
residues.
• Protein is vital for the

maintenance of body
tissue, including
development and repair.
SUMMARY
• The most common
examples of nucleic acids
are DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
and RNA (ribonucleic
acid).
SUMMARY
• Lipids are a family of biomolecules having varied structures.
• Phospholipids- Structural support of the cell
• Triglycerides store unused calories and provide your body with energy.
• Cholesterol- aids in the production of sex hormones.
• Waxes are valuable to both plants and animals because of their hydrophobic
nature.

Biological Macromolecules

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Biological Macromolecules

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BIOLOGICAL

• Main function of carbohydrates is

• Glucose is the main type of

• Protein is vital for the maintenance of body tissue,

• Protein is involved in creation of some hormones that

• Protein produces enzymes that increases the rate of

• This abnormal accumulation of

• The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA

• It aids in the production of sex

• Monosaccharide – glucose and

• Disaccharide- sucrose and lactose

• Polysaccharide- glycogen and

• Protein is vital for the

• Phospholipids- Structural support of the cell

• Triglycerides store unused calories and provide your body with energy.

• Cholesterol- aids in the production of sex hormones.

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