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5.1-Criminal-Procedure 2
5.1-Criminal-Procedure 2
1 Criminal Procedure
CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
LESSON GOAL
This lesson aims to enhance the basic
knowledge of the students on the Rules of
Criminal Procedure as the main foundation of the
investigative processes from initiation of criminal
action, preliminary investigation, arrest, trial,
search and seizure, judgement, appeal and
procedural remedies.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, students will be able
to:
Define Arrest, Bail, Complaint,
Information, Judgement, Preliminary
Investigation, Search and Seizure;
LESSON OBJECTIVES
Explain the requirements of a criminal
complaint/information;
Explain the concept of preliminary
investigation;
Explain the theory of warrantless arrest;
List the four (4) types of bail;
Explain the rights of the accused;
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
LESSON OBJECTIVES
Explain the importance of arraignment
and plea in criminal case;
Identify important provisions/areas on pre-
trial and trial proper;
Differentiate procedures in MTC, CA and
Supreme Court; and
Explain the nature of search and seizure.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
I. INTRODUCTION
Criminal procedure is set of rules purposely
to safeguard against the indiscriminate
application of criminal and special penal laws. It
is a procedural law which govern the process on
how a legal case flows, including steps to
process a case.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION
General Requirements:
It shall be in writing;
In the name of the People of the Philippines;
and
Against all persons who appear to be
responsible for the offense involved.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
Complaint Information
A sworn statement; Need not be sworn to;
Subscribed by the Subscribed to by the
offended party, any fiscal; and
peace officer or other
officer charged with the
enforcement of law; and
Filed either with the court Filed with the court
or in the fiscal’s office.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
AMENDMENT OR SUBSTITUTION
Before the accused enters his plea, the
prosecutor may:
Upgrade the offense;
Allege qualifying and aggravating
circumstances; or
Change the offense charged.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
AMENDMENT OR SUBSTITUTION
Amendment Substitution
Either formal or Involves a substantial
substantial changes change
Without leave of court if Needs leave of court
before plea
No need for another PI Another PI is entailed
Refers to the same Requires or
offense charged or which presupposes that new
necessarily includes info involves a different
offense
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
IV. PROSECUTION OF
CIVIL ACTION
General Rule: The institution or filing of the
criminal action includes the institution of the civil
action from the offense charged.
Except in the following instances:
the offended party waives the civil
action;
he reserves his right to institute the civil
action separately; or
he institutes the civil action prior to the
criminal action.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
V. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
OFFICER AUTHORIZED TO
CONDUCT PI
The following are:
Provincial or City Prosecutors and their
assistants;
Judges of the Municipal Trial Courts and
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts;
National and Regional State Prosecutors; and
Other officers as may be authorized by law.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
EFFECTS OF AN INCOMPLETE PI
NON-JUDICIAL FUNCTION
OF A JUDGE
When a municipal judge conducts Preliminary
Investigation. It merely binds the suspect to stand trial. It
is not a pronouncement of guilt. But, he may issue
warrant of arrest before the conclusion of PI if:
He finds that probable cause exists; and
There is a necessity of placing respondent
under immediate custody.
VI. ARREST
Concept of arrest:
The application of actual physical restraint or
formal declaration of arrest is required. Arrest
includes submission to the custody of the person
making the arrest. The judge may issue WOA:
Upon the filing of the information by the
prosecutor; and
Upon application of a peace officer.
Note: valid until arrest is made or the warrant is
lifted.
WARRANTLESS ARREST
WHEN LAWFUL
In a citizen’s arrest, for dangerous weapons
or anything which may be used as proof of the
commission of an offense, without need of a
warrant of arrest.
What constitutes an arrest in flagrante
delicto?
When in his presence, the person to be
arrested has committed, is actually committing,
or is attempting to commit an offense.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
WARRANTLESS ARREST
WHEN LAWFUL
When there is a hot pursuit?
When an offense has just been committed and
he has probable cause to believe based on
personal knowledge of facts or circumstances
that the person to be arrested has committed it.
The word “just” implies immediacy in point of
time.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION
It involves questioning initiated by law
enforcement officers after a person has been
taken into custody or deprived of freedom in any
significant way.
Embraced in custodial investigation:
Invited for questioning; and
Re-enactment
Not embraced in custodial investigation:
Police line-up; and
Ultraviolet ray examination
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
VII. BAIL
What is the purpose of a Bail?
To honor the presumption of innocence until
his guilt is proven beyond reasonable doubt.
BAIL AS A MATTER OF
EXCEPTION
FORFEITURE OF BAIL
Only in instances where the presence of the
accused is specifically required by the court or
the Rules of Court and, despite due notice to the
bondsmen to produce him before the court on a
given date, the accused fails to appear in
person as so required.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
HOLD-DEPARTURE ORDER
The Supreme Court limits the authority to
issue hold departure orders to the RTCs within
their exclusive jurisdiction. Consequently, MTC
judges have no authority to issue hold-departure
orders, neither does he have authority to cancel
one which he issued.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
Requisites:
Existence of right;
Knowledge of existence thereof;
Intention to relinquish such right, which must
be shown clearly and convincingly; and
Where the law or the Constitution so provides,
the waiver must be with the assistance of
counsel, to be valid.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
PLEA OF GUILTY TO A
LESSER OFFENSE
CHANGE OF PLEA
SUSPENSION OF ARRAIGNMENT
X. MOTION TO QUASH
Quashal and Nolle Prosequi distinguished:
The quashal of complaint or information is
different from a nolle prosequi, although both
have one result, which is the dismissal of the
case. A nolle prosequi is initiated by the
prosecutor while a quashal of information is
upon motion to quash filed by the accused.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD
XI. PRE-TRIAL
These are considered in pre-trial conference:
Plea bargaining;
Stipulation of facts;
Identification of evidence;
Waiver of objections to admissibility of
evidence;
Modification of order of trial; and
Other matters which promote a fair and
speedy trial.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
XII. TRIAL
The trial shall commence within 30 days from
receipt of pre-trial order. The trial shall be
continuous (day to day as far as practicable) and
the entire trial period shall not exceed 180 days
except as otherwise authorized by the Supreme
Court. It may be postponed for a reasonable
period of time and good cause.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
TRIAL IN ABSENTIA
Requisites of Trial in Absentia:
The accused has been arraigned;
He has been notified of the trial; and
His failure to appear is unjustified.
Note: the purpose of trial in absentia is to
speed up the disposition of criminal cases.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
SPEEDY TRIAL
ORDER OF TRIAL
The order of trial shall be as follows:
Prosecution presents evidence to prove the
charge and the civil liability;
The accused presents evidence to prove his
defense and damages, if any;
The prosecution, then the defense, may
present rebuttal and sub-rebuttal evidence.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
DUE PROCESS
It is a must in that:
The accused is entitled to due process;
STATE WITNESS
Requisites to be a state witness:
Two or more persons are jointly
charged with the commission of an
offense;
The application for discharge is filed by
the prosecution before it rests its case;
Absolute necessity for the testimony of
the accused;
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
STATE WITNESS
There is no other direct evidence available
for the proper prosecution of the offense;
Testimony of the accused can be
substantially corroborated in its material
points;
Accused does not appear to be the most
guilty; and
Accused has not been convicted of any
offense involving moral turpitude.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
DEMURER TO EVIDENCE
XIII. JUDGMENT
JUDGMENT
Requisites:
Written in official language;
Personally and directly prepared by the
judge;
Signed by him; and
Contains clearly and distinctly a statement of
the facts and the law which it is based.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
JUDGMENT
Contents of judgment:
Legal qualification of the offense constituted
by the acts committed by the accused;
Participation of the accused in the
commission of the offense;
The penalty imposed upon the accused; and
Civil liability or damages caused by the
wrongful act.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
ACQUITTAL VS DISMISSAL
Acquittal is always based on the merits while
in dismissal, there is termination not on the
merits and no finding of guilt is made either
because the court is not a court of competent
jurisdiction, or the evidence does not show that
the offense was committed within the territorial
jurisdiction of the court, or the complaint or
information is not valid or sufficient in form and in
substance.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
NEW TRIAL
NEW TRIAL
Effects of new trial or reconsideration:
Original judgment shall be set aside;
The case shall be tried de novo and a new
judgment be rendered accordingly;
All proceedings and evidence shall be set
aside and taken anew; and
Newly discovered evidence shall be taken
and considered together with in the record.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
XV. APPEAL
APPEAL
To the CA:
When RTC exercised original jurisdiction:
File a Notice of Appeal with the RTC.
Serve a copy of the notice upon the
adverse party.
Note: When RTC exercised appellate
jurisdiction.
Follow Rule 42 on Petition for
Review
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
APPEAL
Sandiganbayan:
When RTC exercised original jurisdiction:
File a Notice of Appeal with the RTC.
Serve a copy of the notice upon the
adverse party.
Note: When RTC exercised appellate
jurisdiction.
Follow Rule 42 on Petition for
Review
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
APPEAL
Supreme Court:
Where RTC imposes reclusion perpetua or life
imprisonment:
a. File a Notice of Appeal with the RTC.
SC as provided by sec. 10 of Rule
122 for CA decisions
b. Serve a Notice upon the adverse party
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
WITHDRAWAL OF APPEAL
POWER OF THE CA
REVIEW ON CERTIORARI
General Rule:
Judgments of RTCs may be appealed to the
SC only by petition for review on certiorari in
accordance with Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
Exception:
Criminal cases where penalty imposed is life
imprisonment or reclusion perpetua.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
Probable cause
It presupposes the introduction of competent
proof that the party against whom it is sought has
performed particular acts or committed specific
omissions violating a given provision of our
criminal laws (Stonehill v. Diokno)
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
SERVICE OF WARRANT
Warrant must be served in the day time
The general rule prohibits search in the night.
Exception:
If affidavit asserts that the property is on the
person or in the place ordered to be searched –
here, warrant may be served anytime of the day
or night.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
SERVICE OF WARRANT
A warrant is valid for ten days from its
date. After such time, it is VOID.
A search warrant cannot be used every day
for 10 days, and for a different purpose each day
– warrant used to seize one thing cannot be used
as authority to make another search.
Lesson 5.1 Criminal Procedure
XXI. SUMMARY
SUMMARY
END OF PRESENTATION