WORLD TIMES INSTITUTE

HISTORY OF USA
SIR YASIR FARHAD
Rai Yasir Farhad(40th CTP)
American Natives On The Eve Of Its Discovery By
Columbus
1.Introduction
2.Christopher Columbus discovered USA in 1492
3.Voyages of Christopher Columbus:
• 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502
4.American Natives before the Christopher Columbus:
Red
Mayas Aztecs Incas
Indians

5.Naming the big land:

• Till 1507 New World-Americus Vespucious-Italian Mariner by German Professor.
6.Conclusion
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Exploration and Colonization
• “The Planting of a new nation was no holiday undertaking. It meant grim, dirty,
toilsome dangerous work.” -(Allen Nevins and Henry steel Commegar)
1.Introduction
2.Exploration and Colonization:
1) Exploration and Colonization by Portuguese:
o Exploration started by Prince Henry-The Navigator of Portugal
o 1486-Bartholomew Diaz reached Cape of Good Hope and India
o 1501-Pedro Calral Brazil in South America.
2) Exploration and Colonization by Spain:
o By Christopher Columbus-Italian By Birth

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 Exploration and Colonization
3) Exploration and Colonization by France:
o 1524-Italian Navigator Verrazano explored parts of North America’s Easter
zone.
o Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence River.
4) Exploration and Colonization by Netherlands:
o Henry Hudson explored new areas around New Amsterdam (Now New York).
5)Exploration and Colonization by England:
o John Cabot-Italian Voyager-Explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1547.
o English Explorer-Sir Walter Raleigh-tried to find a settlement at Roanoke
Island in 1587 but failed.
3.Conclusion:
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 13 British Colonies
1. Kinds of Colonies: (6 colonies founded by companies; 7 by Individuals)
• Royal Colonies
• Charter Colonies
Date of Colonization Name of colony/Settlement
• Royal Colonies 1607 Jamestown, Virginia
1620 Plymouth (Later joined with Massachusetts)
2. Name of 13 British Colonies: 1626 New York
1630 Massachusetts Bay
1633 Maryland
1636 Connecticut
1638 New Hampshire
1638 Delaware
1653 North Carolina
1663 South Carolina
1664 New Jersey
1682 Pennsylvania
1732 Georgia

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13 British Colonies
3. Map and Geographical Division of 13 Colonies

4. Conclusion
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New England Confederation (1643-1684)
1. Introduction (Military Alliance; short lived but served its purpose)
• Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven Colonies
2. Understanding the New England Confederation:
1) Administration of the New England Colonies:

2
commissione
President
4 colonial r per colony-
elected by
Governments Council of 8
6/8 Majority
commissione
rs

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New England Confederation (1643-1684)
2) Location of New England colonies (Northern Portion of Atlantic Ocean):

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 New England Confederation (1643-1684)
3. Factors responsible for the Formation of New England Colonies:
1) Threat of attacks from American Indians (Rivalry over food and land; no respect to natives’
culture)
2) Threat of attacks from Dutch settlements in North America (lived in
adjacent to these colonies)
3) Threat of attacks from the French (French alliance with belligerent native
Americans and proximity with colonies)
4) England’s Preoccupation with the Civil war of 1642-1651 (Execution of Monarch Charles-I;
Diverted attention from the security of colonies)
5) Solution of trade, boundary and religious disputes among colonies
6) Protection of puritan Church (Adjacent French colonies were threat to Puritan church in
America)
4. Conclusion

Rai Yasir Farhad(40th CTP)

Reasons For Colonization of American Continent
1. Introduction: (Spain-Gold and Silver; France-Great Furs; Dutch and English-Economic Reasons)
2. What is a Colony?
3. Reasons for Colonization:
1) Pressure of population (More People in Europe and less land for cultivation)
2) Trade with the East (Quest to find new trade routes; demands of Asian Goods)
3) Industrial Growth (Inventions of Machines; New Markets)
4) Scientific and Technological advancement (Better maps and navigational instruments)
5) Desire for fabulous wealth (Spain and Portugal found gold and silver; encouragement
to others)
6) Religious factor (Persecution of Puritans in England)
7) Royal Patronage ( Earlier denied to Columbus)
4. Conclusion

Rai Yasir Farhad(40th CTP)

 American War of Independence
• “I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death.”—Sir
Patrick Henry, Speech in the Virginia Convention 1775
1. Introduction
2. Social and Intellectual movements: Enlightenment and Great Awakening:
1) The Enlightenment: American Revolution as a child of Enlightenment
2) Great Awakening ( Religious revival; individual accountability; no blind deference to
Church.
3. Causes of American War of Independence:
1) Mercantilism and Navigational Acts: ( Mercantilism’ policy led to navigational acts’
Passage)
a) Navigational act of 1651- Goods entering in England by British ships and British men
b) Enumerated Commodities Act of 1660-Colonies can export certain goods to England
only.
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 American War of Independence
c) The Molasses Act of 1733-Taxes on Rim and Sugar imported from colonies of west
Indies.
2) George Greenville’s Harsh Polices (1763-Became PM of England):
a) The Sugar Act 1764-Duties on foreign sugar reduced but increased on refined sugar;
New Taxes on Indigo, coffee and luxury Items
b) The Quartering Act 1765-Accomodation and Provision to British soldiers; Stamp Act’
Enforcement.
c) The Stamp Act 1765-Stamp duty on official documents to collect $1 Million
4. Boston Massacre-5 March,1970 (Killing of 11 people outside customhouse, Boston)
5. Tea Act and Boston Tea Party (Tax Act 1773 to assist East India Company; 16 Dec 1773;
Intolerable Acts)
6. Absence of French Danger-Treaty of Paris 1763

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American War of Independence
7. War-The Treaty of Paris 1783
8. Results and Significance of the War:
1) Independence of 13 colonies
2) Earlier royal and proprietary colonies became republic
3) Loyalists sided with Britain were expelled from the US and even harshly
treated.
4) Anglican church-supported by taxes from people-abolished in all colonies
5) Reforms of penal codes and prisons-secularization and democratization of
Education
6) Redistributed of confiscated lands and promotion of equality and democracy
9. Conclusion
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 American Revolution: As a Child of Enlightenment
1. Introduction (Intellectual movement in 18th century; emphasis of science and
reason; focused on fundamental rights)
2. Understanding the age of Enlightenment/Ideas which dominated Enlightenment
Thought
1) Rationalism-Use of reason to gain knowledge; no blind following to scripture
and Church
2) Empiricism-Idea that knowledge comes from experience and observation
3) Progressivism-With reason and observation-Progress can be made
3. Enlightenment thinkers who provided rationale for the American Revolution
1) Montesquieu-‘The Spirit of Laws’
2) Jean Jacque Rousseau- ‘The Social Contract, 1762’

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American Revolution: As a Child of Enlightenment
3) John Locke- Natural Rights of ‘Life, Liberty and property’
4) Thomas Hobbes
5) Thomas Paine Pamphlet-‘ Common Sense’
6) Benjamin Franklin-Subscribed to Deism-God Created but no involvement in the
world
4. Importance of English Documents:
1) Magna Carta 1215 by King John-No Right of Taxes
2) The Petition of Rights 1628 and The English Bill of Rights 1688
5. How American Revolution is a child of Enlightenments
6. Conclusion

Rai Yasir Farhad(40th CTP)

 Constitution of US: Salient Features
• “…..Yet after all deductions, the US Constitution ranks above any other constitution for the Intrinsic
excellence of its scheme; its adaptation to the circumstances of the people, its simplicity, brevity and
precision of language.”—(John Bryce)
1. Introduction (Drafted on 17 September, 1787)
2. Reasons for failure of Articles of Confederation: (1st March, 1781-4th March,
1789)
a) Absence of effective executive to enforce acts of congress
b) Absence of national judiciary like Supreme Court
c) Defective organization of congress-One House (91 members; one vote for each
state; 9/13 votes for any decision)
d) Lack of financial powers- No power of congress to levy tax
e) Lack of power to regulate trade and commerce-state can levy tariffs on other states’
goods
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Constitution of US: Salient Features
f) Amendment in articles required unanimous vote
3. Constitutional development:
1) Interstate bickering and a conference at Annapolis, 1780 (Issue between Maryland
and Virginia over the question of navigation of River Potomac)
2) Convention at Philadelphia, 1787 (Rhode Island did not participate; key issue-strong
central government and independence of states)
3) Different proposals for New constitution:
a) Virginia’s “Large-state Plan” (AOC should be abolished; Bicameral legislature;
population based representation)
b) New Jersey’s “Small-state Plan” (Equal representation in both houses)
c) Connecticut compromise by Connecticut ( Three Branches with Bicameral
Legislature)

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 Constitution of US: Salient Features
4.Adoption of New Constitution (17 September, 1787-signed unanimously; 4 March,1789-
Ratified by 9 states; Delaware, Pennsylvania……….Rhode Island(13th state to ratify the
constitution))
5. Structure of the US Constitution:
• Preamble and 7 Articles
1) Legislative branch
2) Executive Branch
3) Judicial Branch
4) Relation between federal government and states
5) Procedure of Amendment
6) Constitution as the supreme law of the land
7) Detail about ratification process

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 Constitution of US: Salient Features
6. Amendment Procedure (Article-5; Two ways but one has been used)
1) 2/3 of both houses and 3/4 of all states (All 27 Amendments)
2) Constitutional convention by 2/3 of legislatures of states-approved by 3/4 of states
7. Salient Features:
1) Written Character
2) Conventions and usages
3) Rigidity
4) Federal character
5) Supremacy of the constitution
6) Separation of powers
7) Checks and Balances
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 Constitution of US: Salient Features
8) Bill of Rights
9) Judicial Review
10) Popular Sovereignty
11) Republicanism
12) Presidential
13) Dual citizenship
14) Spoils system
8. Conclusion

Rai Yasir Farhad(40th CTP)

 Federalists vs Anti-Federalists
1. Introduction (Philadelphia convention made decision; Federalists-New Constitution with strong central government;
Anti-Federalists-AOC with modifications)
2. Federalists (Hamilton, Madison) and Anti-Federalists (Jefferson, Henry Lee) Proponents
3. Federalists vs Anti-Federalist (Views on Government):
1) Political Philosophy-Government by Aristocrats vs Common Man
2) Economic Ideology-Right of upper classes to own property vs Protection of farmers’ rights
3) System of Government-strong central government vs more powers to states
4) Representation to Congress-Population based representation vs Equal representation
5) The Bill of Rights-limited the scope of rights vs keep check on central government powers
6) Ratification of the constitution-Ratification vs Not ratification
4. Conclusion (Federalist Era-Federalist party dominated the American Politics)
• 1st Federalist President-George Washington (1789-1797)
• 2nd Federalist President-John Adams (1797-1801)

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George Washington (1789-1797)
• “Associate with men of good quality if you esteem your own reputation; for it is better to be alone than in bad company.”
1. Introduction (Born in 1732 in Virginia; son of a prosperous planter; 1st President; Died in Virginia at
67)
2. Challenges to the First President (Weak country; small army; no navy; frontier regions under attack
by natives; trade threatened by pirates; debt crisis)
3. Achievements of George Washington:
1) Financial Policy of George Washington: (Appointed Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury)
a) Revenue Generation-Through taxes to reduce debts
b) Policy of protective tariff-Federal debt of $53 million and $25 million combine debt of state
c) Payment of national debt-even if it drained already empty treasury
d) Establishment of National Bank of Currency 1791-To provide sound financial system and uniform
currency
2) Domestic/National Policy of George Washington:
a) The Judiciary Act, 1789-Supreme Court; 13 Districts with Federal judiciary courts
b) Bill of Rights-Demand of anti-federalists

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George Washington (1789-1797)
c) Whiskey Act 1791 and Whiskey Rebellion-Tax on distilled alcohol-unfavorable to the
farmers of the Pennsylvania
d) The Treaty of Greenville 1795(Signed with Native Red Indians)-Indians, supported by Britain, were
threat to the new states
3) Foreign Policy of George Washington: (Due to domestic issues, tried to establish good relations)
a) Relations with France-Treaty of 1778 (Most favored nation treatment and help to each other); Genet
Mission 1793-France minister to US to seek help against England under 1778 treaty; Genet declared
Washington as ‘Week old man under British Influence’; Proclamation of neutrality on 22 April, 1793 by
US; Jay’s Treaty 1794 and relation with France-Britain hostile acts against US during war; John Jay went
to England and concluded treaty; Both conceded concessions to each other)
b) Relations with Spain (Pinckney Treaty)-Spain visualized war with England; wanted US support; US took
full advantage and sent Thomas Pinckney to Madrid to negotiate a treaty.
4. Conclusion

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Thomas Jefferson Comparison with Jackson
Points of comparison Jefferson Democracy Jacksonian Democracy
3RD President (1801-1809) 7th President (1829-1837)
1) Extension of universal white Property requirement for voting Eliminated property requirement
Manhood Suffrage

2) Eligibility for holding public office Educated elite-Proposed education for All men are qualified
all to prepare poorer individuals for
public office

3) Selection procedure for presidential By Caucus of political leaders Through nominating conventions
candidate

4) Concepts of “Chosen Class” Yeoman farmers as the “Chosen Class” Planters, farmers, laborers and
mechanics as ‘Chosen Class’

5) Views on Industrialization Feared the consequences of Accepted industry as essential to

Industrialization economy

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Thomas Jefferson Comparison with Jackson
6) Views on the Role of National Bank Both disproved-Jackson saw the  
national bank as the monopoly of the
rich

7) Attitude Towards Slavery Owned slaves-saw it as an evil Owned slaves but showed little
institution that time would eradicate interest in abolition

8) Attitude towards women and Not considered them equal Not considered native Americans
native Americans equal

9) Views on Education Educated and considered it equal for Little Education-Believed it relatively
all unimportant

10) Measures necessary for upward Education and Ambition Economic Progress
social mobility

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 James Madison (1809-1817) War of 1812 With
England
1. Introduction-4th US President
2. Causes of the war:
1) Threat to American Neutrality-Search and seizures of vessels by both countries
2) Impressment of American seamen by the British
3) Diplomacy and neutral rights-Jay Treaty expired, Jefferson appointed William Pinckney to
negotiate treaty-concluded but demands of neutral trades were not met
4) Coercive Measures by the US-Non Importation Act 1806 (Specified British goods were
denied permission), Embargo Act of 1807, Non-Intercourse Act 1809, Macon’s Bill 1810
5) Chesapeake Incident 1807-British HMS Leopard opened fire on US Chesapeake which was
forced to surrender
6) Embargo Act of 1807 and Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

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 James Madison (1809-1817) War of 1812 With
England
7) War Hawks-Federalists were pro-British while Jeffersonian were Pro-France; Henry Clay and
John c Calhoun (War Hawks)
8) Declaration of War- 18 June, 1812
3. Course of War- Result of Jeffersonian Foreign Policy failure; Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1824 ended
4. Results of the War:
1) Costly and serious blunder for Britain-Did not get any inch of territory
2) Loss of British monopoly over the sea-Give confidence to US that it could also become naval power
3) American won commercial Independence-Though lost 30 thousand lives and hundred million dollars
loss
4) Republican Government proved as effective as Monarchial system
5) America emerged as a Great power
6) Promoted the spirit of American National Unity
7) Brought Discredit to Federalists at Home-Republicans came to power
5. Conclusion
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 Era of Good and Hard Feelings (1817-1829)
• 1st Phase (1817-1825)-James Monroe as President-Established peace at home and good relations
with foreign countries-Era of Good Feelings
• 2nd Phase (1825-1829)-John Quincy Adams had to face a number of difficulties-Era of hard feelings

Era of Good Feelings

1. Introduction (5th US President, Born in 1758 in Virginia)
2. Factors which contributed to the Growth of Good Feeling:
1) United Nation-Hartford convention discredited Federalists, Nation unified, secured 231 electoral votes
2) Sectional Differences deferred-Missouri Compromise subside differences between north and south
3) Increased Industrial Production-Tariff law of 1816 and 1824

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4) Establishment of the second Bank of the US-With capital of $35 million, sound system of finance,
promoted trade and commerce
5) Admission of 6 New states-Immigrants from Europe-Westward Expansion
6) Internal Improvements-Good roads, waterways, canals and turnpikes, Erie Canal New York 1817
7) Peace Abroad-Monroe Doctrine 1822
3. Conclusion

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 Monroe Doctrine
1. Introduction (James Monroe in 1823 to prevent colonization of newly freed colonies in
American continent
by Spain)
2. The Reasons for the Monroe Doctrine:
1) War of 1812 ended in 1815-Only two independent nations in western Hemisphere
(US and Haiti)
2) Newly Independent Spanish colonies in South America and fear of their colonization
again
3. Monroe Message to Congress:
• “The American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have
assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for
colonization by any European Powers.”
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 Monroe Doctrine
4. Four Major points of Monroe Doctrine:
1) US will not interfere in internal affairs between European Powers
2) US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies in the Western
Hemisphere
3) Western Hemisphere-Closed to future colonization
4) Any attempt by European power-An hostile act against US
5. The Monroe Doctrine in Practice: US Foreign Policy:
•Young country with no military and naval power-not taken seriously outside borders
•1833, US did not invoke when Britain occupied Falkland Islands
•With economic and Military might, this doctrine was supported with actions

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6. The Monroe Doctrine from Cold War to 21st Century:
1) Cold war Era-Kennedy invoked in 1962 during Cuban missile crisis
2) 21st Century-Reduced military involvement in Latin America but asserted its powerful
influence
7. Significance of Monroe Doctrine:
1) Spain gave up her plans to colonize American Continent
2) Became creed of Americans’ Foreign Policy with the Passage of Time-In 1904,
Roosevelt issued
Corollary to Monroe Doctrine”
8. Conclusion

Rai Yasir Farhad(40th CTP)

THANK YOU

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Rai Yasir Farhad(40th CTP)