Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Antibiotics Resistance - 20W
Antibiotics Resistance - 20W
Resistance
General considerations
Ventola, 2015
Resistance
Timeline
Ventola, 2015
…some major MDR species
Insertion sequences
Activation of antibiotic resistance genes
Transposons
Mobile genetic elements; travel randomly within the genome
Antibiotic resistance genes are very common among soil antibiotic producers
Play protective role for the antibiotic producing host
R-factors
Conjugative plasmids that are easily exchanged by the bacterial community,
carrying resistance genes to antibiotics and other antimicrobials
Usually contain multiple resistance genes (to different classes) under the same
promoter
RP4 in P. aeruginosa:
Ampicillin
Kanamycin
Tetracycline
R1 in different Gram (-)
Ampicillin
Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim
pSH6 in S. aureus:
Gentamicin
Trimethoprim
kanamycin
Efflux pumps
Protein complexes in the cell membrane in both Gram (-) and Gram (+)
that capture the antibiotic from the cytoplasm/periplasm and export it
outside of the cell
Periplasm
Cytosol
Origins of resistance
Ribosome protection
Reduced cellular uptake
Reduced expression of the pores
Efflux of the drug
CDC, 2015
Life-threatening diarrhea
Commonly hospital-acquired
Treatable for now but resistance spreads super fast
400% increase in fatal outcomes between 2000 and 2007
(resistant strains)
50% of infections in under 65 y/o
90% of deaths in >65 y/o
Major MDRs or MDR candidates
CDC, 2015
CDC, 2015
Gonorrhea is the 2 most common infection in USA
nd