Wooden Structures in Architecture

WOODEN STRUCTURES IN
ARCHITECTURE
TIKO GOGIA
WOOD IN CONSTRUCTION AND
ARCHITECTURE
WOOD’S QUALITIES PROBABLY MAKE IT THE
MOST OUTSTANDING MATERIAL FOR
CONSTRUCTION. AS A RENEWABLE BUILDING
RESOURCE, WOOD IS ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY AND CONSUMES THE LEAST
AMOUNT OF ENERGY DURING
MANUFACTURE. ALTHOUGH NEW MATERIALS
HAVE EMERGED OVER TIME, WOOD STILL
REMAINS ONE OF THOSE MOST USED TODAY.
IN BOTH DOMESTIC RESIDENCES AND PUBLIC
SPACES OR BUILDINGS.
WOOD’S QUALITIES PROBABLY MAKE IT THE
MOST OUTSTANDING MATERIAL FOR
CONSTRUCTION. AS A RENEWABLE BUILDING
RESOURCE, WOOD IS ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY AND CONSUMES THE LEAST
AMOUNT OF ENERGY DURING
MANUFACTURE.
ARCHITECTURE
WOOD’S QUALITIES PROBABLY
MAKE IT THE MOST
OUTSTANDING MATERIAL FOR
CONSTRUCTION. AS
A RENEWABLE BUILDING
RESOURCE, WOOD
IS ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY AND CONSUMES THE
LEAST AMOUNT OF ENERGY
DURING MANUFACTURE.
ARCHITECTURE
THE KEY FEATURES OF
EACH TYPE OF WOOD
ARE THE COLOR,
SCENT,
TEXTURE/GRAIN AND
VEINING. THE LATTER
TWO ARE THOSE THAT
MAKE EACH PIECE OF
WOOD UNIQUE, GIVING
THE PRODUCT A
BEAUTIFUL FINISH AND
SURFACE IN TERMS OF
BOTH TOUCH AND
APPEARANCE.
ARCHITECTURE
ALTHOUGH NEW MATERIALS HAVE EMERGED OVER TIME, WOOD STILL REMAINS
ONE OF THOSE MOST USED TODAY. IN BOTH DOMESTIC RESIDENCES AND PUBLIC
SPACES OR BUILDINGS, THE MATERIAL IS NOTED FOR QUALITIES SUCH
AS DURABILITY AND HARDNESS, IN ADDITION TO ITS NOBILITY AND INNATE
ELEGANCE.
ARCHITECTURE
THE METICULOUS CARE
TAKEN IN
PROCESSING NATURAL
WOOD IS REPLICATED
IN THE FORESTS WHERE
IT IS
PLANTED. SUSTAINABLE
EXTRACTION AND
SUBSEQUENT CAREFUL
PROCESSING OF THE
RAW MATERIAL CREATE
A TOP
QUALITY PRODUCT.
ARCHITECTURE
IN ADDITION, WOOD HAS
EXCELLENT SOUND
ABSORPTION. STOPPING
SOUND WAVES
THEREFORE PROVIDES
GREATER ACOUSTIC
COMFORT. IN THE SAME
WAY, WOOD ALSO ACTS
AS A THERMAL
INSULATOR, WHICH NOT
ONLY GIVES THE
MATERIAL A PLEASANT
TOUCH BUT REDUCES
ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
WOODEN STRUCTURE DESIGN |
ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
Wooden structure material, which can meet many needs in building design, is one of the
most preferred and useful materials for centuries. With its naturality, warmth and the
uniqueness of the random textures on it, using timber in architecture deserves this interest
too much. With the evolving industrial opportunities, using timber in architecture has
diversified in the 20th century. It has been starting to provide the area of use from furniture
to facade cladding – from floor covering to structural elements thanks to timber panel types
produced with the new techniques.
ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER IN ARCHITECTURE
• WOOD IS AN ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIAL.

• PROCESSING THE TIMBER MATERIAL IS EASY.
• WOOD IS A NATURAL BUILDING MATERIAL, SO IT MAKES US FEEL LIKE IN NATURE.
• ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER IS THAT IT’S A LIGHTWEIGHT
MATERIAL DESPITE ITS GOOD STRENGTH. SO THIS PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES
AGAINST EARTHQUAKE LOADS.
• IT’S RESISTANT TO THE CHEMICAL STIMULUS.

• TIMBER IS A WARM MATERIAL. FOR INSTANCE, IF WE TOUCH IT, IT WILL DECREASE OUR BODY
TEMPERATURE DRAMATICALLY IN CONTRAST WITH STEEL.
• THE INSTALLATION OF TIMBER STRUCTURES IS EASY AND QUICK. THE STRUCTURE CAN BE
USED INSTANTLY AFTER THE ASSEMBLY. BY MEANS OF THIS, THE STRENGTH TESTS CAN BE
DONE IMMEDIATELY.
• CHANGING FLOOR PLANS IN A WOODEN STRUCTURE IS EASY THAN IN OTHER SYSTEMS

LIKE REINFORCED CONCRETE. THE TIMBER STRUCTURE ELEMENTS CAN BE EASILY
REMOVED AND CHANGED.
DISADVANTAGES OF THE WOODEN
STRUCTURE MATERIAL
• ALTHOUGH WOOD IS A MATERIAL WHOSE FIRE ENDURANCE IS HIGH, IT CATCHES FIRE EASILY.
• IT DILATES AND SHRINKS DEPENDING ON THE TEMPERATURE. WHEN THE DAMP LEVEL
DECREASE, THE TIMBER STRUCTURE MATERIAL GIVES THE WATER INSIDE IT TO THE OUTSIDE,
FOR THIS REASON, THE FORM OF THE WOOD UNDERGOES CHANGE AS TIME GOES ON. THEN,
SOME CRACKS OCCUR.
• THE TYPE OF TREE TO BE USED IN THE TIMBER STRUCTURE IS SO IMPORTANT. FOR THIS REASON,
WOOD IS AN ENDEMIC MATERIAL AND IN SOME CASES, THE TIMBERS HAVE TO BE IMPORTED.
• THE BIGGEST PROBLEM OF A WOODEN STRUCTURE IS SQUALIDNESS. TIMBER STRUCTURES WITH

NO LIVING INSIDE START TO DECAY AND BECOME DEFORMED QUICKLY.
• SINCE IT IS A NATURAL MATERIAL, CREATURES SUCH AS BACTERIA, MUSHROOMS AND INSECTS

CAN SURVIVE INSIDE IT. THENCE, THE STRUCTURE OF THE WOOD WILL BE HARMED. TO PREVENT
THIS PROBLEM, WOOD MATERIALS SHOULD BE IMPREGNATED. IN OTHER WORDS, IT SHOULD BE
PROTECTED WITH CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES.
USING TIMBER IN ARCHITECTURE
THE FACT THAT WOOD IS

A NATURAL MATERIAL
MAKES IT EASIER THAT
THE EXTERIOR FACTORS
TO AFFECT IT. FOR THIS
REASON, A TIMBER
STRUCTURE SHOULD
BE DESIGNED IN A WAY
THAT BUILDING
MATERIALS ARE LEAST
DAMAGED AND
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
CAN BE PROVIDED.
FRAMEWORK OR MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION CAN BE
PREFERRED AS THE
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE.
THERE ARE PILLARS, BEAMS,
AND CROSS-CONNECTION
ELEMENTS CALLED
BUTTRESSES, IN FRAMEWORK
SYSTEMS. IN THE MASONRY
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM,
TIMBER MATERIALS ARE
SUPERIMPOSED ON EACH OTHER
LIKE IN MASONRY WALLS. IN
THIS WAY, WE MAY PROVIDE
BENEFITS FROM THE HEAT
SEALING AND INSULATING
FEATURES OF WOOD THANKS TO
THE ELEMENTS DISPOSED OF
CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.
CONNECTION DETAILS OF
TIMBER ELEMENTS CAN
BE SOLVED BY DIFFERENT
METHODS. WEATHER
BOARDING, TONGUE-AND-
GROOVE, FISH-SCALE
LAPPED SCARF, ETC.
METHODS ARE AMONG
THE MOST COMMONLY
USED METHODS OF WOOD
CONNECTIONS.
WOODEN STRUCTURE EXAMPLES
OMM – ODUNPAZARI MODERN ART MUSEUM
LOCATION: ESKISEHIR, TARCHITECT: KENGO KUMA &

ASSOCIATES
TURKEY
ODUNPAZARI MODERN MUSEUM WHICH IS A NEW

PROJECT DESIGNED BY KENGO KUMA BECAME
PROMINENT WITH WOODEN STRUCTURE DESIGNS.
IT’S ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR PROJECTS OF
RECENT TIMES WITH THE DESIGN MAKING
REFERRING TO OTTOMAN WOODEN ARCHITECTURE
AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL TEXTURE. AT
THE SAME TIME, IT’S AN EXTREMELY GOOD
EXAMPLE USING OF TIMBER IN MODERN
ARCHITECTURE.
MJØSTÅRNET – AN EXAMPLE OF CLT ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECT: VOLL ARKITEKTER
LOCATION: BRUMUNDDAL, NORWAY
CONSTRUCTION YEAR: 2019
THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THIS BUILDING WHICH

WAS BUILT IN NORWAY IN 2019 IS THAT IT IS THE TALLEST
WOODEN STRUCTURE EVER BUILT IN THE WORLD. THIS 18-
STORY BUILDING WITH A HEIGHT OF 85.4 HAS A MIXED-USE.
THE THING THAT PROVIDES THE ABILITY TO CONSTRUCT TALL
BUILDINGS WITH WOOD ELEMENTS IS CROSS LAMINATED
TIMBER OR CLT TECHNOLOGY. AS WELL AS CLT IS ACTUALLY A
VERY SIMPLE AND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY, AND IT HAS
MADE A BREAKTHROUGH IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY. I
RECOMMEND YOU TO READ OUR ARTICLE ABOUT THE CROSS-
LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) SYSTEM WHICH MAKES IT POSSIBLE
TO BUILD VERY TALL TIMBER BUILDINGS. IN THIS WAY, YOU
CAN LEARN THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CLT
ARCHITECTURE.
METROPOLIS PARASOL
ARCHITECT: J.MAYER.H UND PARTNER

LOCATION: SEVILLE, SPAIN
YEAR: 2011
THIS ONE THE WOODEN STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF SIX LARGE

TIMBER PARASOLS SHADOWING THE PLAZA DE LA
ENCARNACIÓN AND PROTECTING AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE.
THE PARASOLS ARE CONSTRUCTED IN A MUSHROOM-SHAPED
TIMBER LATTICE THAT CREATES SHADOWS TO MOVE
CONTINUOUSLY THROUGHOUT THE DAY. IT IS THE LARGEST
TIMBER-BASED STRUCTURE IN THE WORLD WITH NO ELEMENT
OF ANY PARASOL TO BE FOUND IDENTICAL DUE TO THE
COMPUTER-GENERATED DESIGN. IT ALSO INCORPORATES
SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND SHOWCASES THE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF HISTORY. SIX LINKED
PARASOLS COVER THE SQUARE OF PLAZA DE LA ENCARNACIÓ
CREATING A SPACE WITH FOUR PERMEABLE LEVELS. THE USE
OF WOOD IN THIS STRUCTURE PROVIDES SHADE AND
THERMAL COMFORT IN THE SPIKING HOT CLIMATE OF SPAIN.
AFTER EXPERIMENTATIONS, A MICRO-LAMINATED WOOD
‘KERTO’ WAS CHOSEN TO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT THIS
SUNNYHILLS MINAMI AOYAMA STORE
ARCHITECT: KENGO KUMA & ASSOCIATES

LOCATION: TOKYO, JAPAN
YEAR: 2013
FAMOUS FOR ITS TAIWANESE DESSERT, THIS

SHOP’S DESIGN IS INSPIRED BY A BAMBOO
BASKET. HOWEVER, IT LOOKS LIKE A CLOUD OF
WOOD HOVERING IN COMPARISON TO THE STIFF
AND SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS IN ITS CONTEXT.
LIGHT FILTERS THROUGH THE LATTICE
STRUCTURE, ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF THE
INTERIOR. THE JOINTS ARE FORMED BY THE
TRADITIONAL JAPANESE TECHNIQUE JIIGOKU-
GUMIMI. INTERESTINGLY THE JOINTS ARE
CREATED THREE-DIMENSION AT A 30-DEGREE
ANGLE INSTEAD OF THE TYPICAL PLANAR
MUNTIN GRID.
SWATCH HEADQUARTERS
ARCHITECT: SHIGERU BAN
LOCATION: BIEL, SWITZERLAND
YEAR: 2019
THE FAÇADE OF THIS WOODEN STRUCTURE SERVES AS A

CONNECTION BETWEEN SWATCH AND CITÉ DU TEMPS. ALSO, 4600
TIMBER ELEMENTS, MAINLY SPRUCE, ARE USED IN ITS
CONSTRUCTION WITH A PRECISION OF 0.1 MM THROUGH
COMPUTER ENGINEERING. THE WOOD ACTS AS AN ECOLOGICAL
AND SUSTAINABLE PART OF THE BUILDING, CONSUMING ONLY A
PART OF THE SWISS FOREST THAT TAKES LESS THAN TWO HOURS
TO REGROW. THE STRUCTURE IS WIRED WITH A COMPLEX MESH
OF CABLES. 2800 HONEYCOMB PANELS OF TIMBER WERE WORKED
ON AS 50 INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS. SO THAT THE THREE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF HONEYCOMB PANELS ARE OPAQUE, TRANSLUCENT, AND
TRANSPARENT ELEMENTS. HOWEVER, EACH ELEMENT WITH ITS
DISTINCT FUNCTION OF THERMAL INSULATION, WEATHER
RESISTANCE, NATURAL LIGHT, OPENING FOR SMOKE
EXTRACTION, AND PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, SHOWS THE
SENSITIVITY AND DEPTH OF THOUGHT PUT INTO THE DESIGN.
ARCUS CENTER FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE LEADERSHIP
ARCHITECT: STUDIO GANG
LOCATION: KALAMAZOO, UNITED STATES
YEAR: 2014
The centre engages the community in an active

discussion of human rights and social justice. As a
result, the centre works as a meeting place for the
faculty, students, social justice leaders, and public
representatives to share and commute their ideas.
The design transforms the language of its purpose
into construction techniques and visual aesthetics.
However, the traditional method of wall masonry
falls into the immediate context of the grove
landscape. The use of logs shows the density and
diversity of people in a community as a design
concept. It also acts as a load-bearing wall with
insulation properties. The traditional technique
seizes carbon to turn the façade into a high-
performance building envelope.
ANAKLIA-GANMUHKURI PEDESTRIAN BRID
ARCHITECT: LAP CONSULT
LOCATION: TBILISI, GEORGIA
YEAR: 2012
THE BRIDGE EXTENDS OVER 500 METERS

OVER THE RIVER ENGURI WHICH FLOWS
INTO THE BLACK SEA AND IS OF THE FINEST
WOODEN STRUCTURES IN THE WORLD. THE
BRIDGE SERVES AS A CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE TOWN OF GANMUHKURI AND
THE GREGORIAN RESORT OF ANAKLIA. IT IS
CONSTRUCTED OF LAMINATED TIMBER
WHICH MAKES IT ECO-FRIENDLY, AND
STEEL. IT IS THE LONGEST FOOTBRIDGE IN
EUROPE WITH TIMBER TRUSSES JOINED BY
SLOTTED PLATES AND DOWEL JOINTS.
THANK YOU
TIKO GOGIA

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Wooden Structures in Architecture

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WOODEN STRUCTURES IN

• WOOD IS AN ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIAL.

• IT’S RESISTANT TO THE CHEMICAL STIMULUS.

• CHANGING FLOOR PLANS IN A WOODEN STRUCTURE IS EASY THAN IN OTHER SYSTEMS

• THE BIGGEST PROBLEM OF A WOODEN STRUCTURE IS SQUALIDNESS. TIMBER STRUCTURES WITH

• SINCE IT IS A NATURAL MATERIAL, CREATURES SUCH AS BACTERIA, MUSHROOMS AND INSECTS

THE FACT THAT WOOD IS

LOCATION: ESKISEHIR, TARCHITECT: KENGO KUMA &

ODUNPAZARI MODERN MUSEUM WHICH IS A NEW

ARCHITECT: VOLL ARKITEKTER

LOCATION: BRUMUNDDAL, NORWAY

CONSTRUCTION YEAR: 2019

THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THIS BUILDING WHICH

ARCHITECT: J.MAYER.H UND PARTNER

THIS ONE THE WOODEN STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF SIX LARGE

ARCHITECT: KENGO KUMA & ASSOCIATES

FAMOUS FOR ITS TAIWANESE DESSERT, THIS

THE FAÇADE OF THIS WOODEN STRUCTURE SERVES AS A

The centre engages the community in an active

THE BRIDGE EXTENDS OVER 500 METERS

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