Chapter 8 - Tut-2
Chapter 8 - Tut-2
Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 1
(8.77/8.60) A 4 L jug of milk at 25°C is placed in
your refrigerator where it is cooled down to the
refrigerators inside constant temperature of 5°C.
Assume the milk has the property of liquid water
and find the entropy generated in the cooling
process.
C.V. Jug of milk
Continuity equation : m2 m1 m
Energy equation: m u2 u1 1Q2 1W2
Entropy equation: dS net dSc.m. dSsurr Sgen
1 Q2
m s2 s1 1 S 2 gen
Tsurr
Process : P constant atmospheric pressure
Engineering Thermodynamics 2
State 1: T1 25o C, V 0.004 m 3
Table B 1.1 v1 v f @ 25o C 0.001003 m3 /kg,
h1 h f @ 25o C 104.87 kJ/kg,
s1 s f @ 25o C 0.3673 kJ/kg.K
V 0.004
m 3.988 kg
v1 0.001003
o
State 2 : T2 5 C
Table B 1.1 v2 v f @ 5o C 0.001 m3 /kg,
h2 h f @ 5o C 20.98 kJ/kg,
s2 s f @ 5o C 0.0761 kJ/kg.K
Engineering Thermodynamics 3
Process : P constant 1W2 mP v2 v1
Energy equation: m u2 u1 1Q2 1W2
1 Q2 m h2 h1
3.988 20.98 104.87
334.55 kJ
The total entropy generation
1 Q2
1 S 2 gen m s2 s1
Trefrig
334.55 kJ
3.988 kg 0.0761 0.3673 kJ/kg
5 273 K
0.0421 kJ/K
Engineering Thermodynamics 4
(8.81/8.67) Find the total work and the heat engine
can give out as it receives energy from the rock bed
as described in problem (7.61/7.63) : Write entropy
balance equation for the control volume that is the
combination of the rock bed and the heat engine.
The energy drop of the rock -(U 2 U1 ) rock equals QH of Heat engine
(U 2 U1 ) rock mC (T2 T1 )
=5500 0.89 (290 400) = -538450 kJ
W (U 2 U1 ) rock QL ( 538450) - (456504) 81946 kJ
(8.83/8.65) A 12 kg steel container has 0.2 kg
superheated water vapor at 1000 kPa, both at 200oC.
The total mass is now cooled to ambient
temperature 30oC. How much heat was taken out
and what is the total entropy generation?
Engineering Thermodynamics 7
State 1: m 0.2 kg, P1 1000 kPa, T1 200o C
Table B 1.3 it is superheated
v1 0.20596 m 3 /kg
u1 2621.9 kJ/kg
s1 6.6939 kJ/kg.K
State 2 : T2 30o C, saturated condition, constant volume process
v2 v1 0.20596 m 3 /kg
Table B 1.1 v f v2 vg
v2 v f 2 0.20596 0.001004
x2 0.006231
v fg 2 32.8922
u2 125.77 0.006231 2290.81 140.04 kJ/kg
s2 0.4369 0.006231 8.0164 0.48685 kJ/kg.K
Engineering Thermodynamics 8
1 Q2 m u2 u1
msteel Csteel T2 T1 mH 2O u2 u1 H O
2
403 1353.2
12 0.42 ln 0.2 0.48685 6.6939
473 303
0.98 kJ/K
Engineering Thermodynamics 9
(8.128/155) Two tanks contain steam, and they are both
connected to a piston/cylinder as shown in Fig. Initially
the piston is at the bottom, and the mass of the piston is
such that a pressure of 1.4 MPa below it will be able to
lift it. Steam in A has a mass of 4 kg at 7 MPa and
7000C, and B has 2 kg at 3 MPa, 3500C. The two valves
are opened and water comes to a uniform state. Find the
final temperature and total entropy generation.
Control Mass: All water, mA mB
Continuity Eqn. : m2 mA mB
Energy Eqn. : m2u2 mA1u A1 mBuB1 1Q2 1W2 1W2
Entropy Eqn. :m2 s2 mA1s A1 mB sB1 1 S 2, gen
State A1: PA1 7000 kPa, TA1 700o C, mA 4 kg
Superheated (B.1.3) vA1 0.06283 m 3 /kg, u A1 3448.5 kJ/kg
s A1 7.3476 kJ/kgK, VA 0.2513 m3
State B1: PB1 3000 kPa, TB1 350o C, mA 2 kg
Superheated (B.1.3) vB1 0.09053 m3 /kg, uB1 2843.66 kJ/kg,
3
sB1 6.7427 kJ/kgK,VB 0.1811 m
Assume V2 VA VB P2 Plift , 1W2 P2 (V2 VA VB )
Substituting in Energy eqn.:
m2u2 mA1u A1 mBuB1 P2 (V2 [VA VB ])
m2 h2 mAu A1 mBuB1 P2 (VA VB )
4 3448.5 2 2843.7 1400 0.4324
h2 3347.8 kJ/kg
State 2 : h2 3347.8 kJ/kg, P2 1400 kPa Superheated
v2 0.2323 m3 /kg, s2 7.433 kJ/kgK, T2 441.90 C
V2 m2v2 1.394 m3 VA VB 0.4324 m3
S
1 2, gen 6 7.433 4 7.3476 2 6.7427 1.722 kJ/K
(8.130/8.150) Water in a piston/cylinder is at 1
MPa, 500°C. There are two stops, a lower one at
which Vmin = 1 m3 and an upper one at Vmax = 3 m3.
The piston is loaded with a mass and outside
atmosphere such that it floats when the pressure is
500 kPa. This setup is now cooled to 100°C by
rejecting heat to the surroundings at 20°C. Find the
total entropy generated in the process.
13
State 1: P1 1000 MPa, T1 5000 C, V1 Vmax 3 m 3
Table B 1.3 it is superheated
v1 0.35411 m / kg, u1 3124.34 kJ/kg, s1 7.7621 kJ/K
3
V1 3
m
v1 0.35411
8.472 kg
State 1a : P1a 500 MPa, v1a v1 0.35411 m 3 / kg
At P1a 500 MPa v f 0.35411 vg Saturated mixture
T1a 151.86o C Tfinal 100o C
Process 1 1a : V C
14
Vmin 1 m3
State 1b : P1b 500 MPa, v1b
m 8.472 kg
0.11803 m3 /kg
At P1b 500 MPa v f 0.11803 vg Saturated mixture
Process 1a 1b : P C and T1b 151.86o C Tfinal 100o C
It is a mixture x2 0.0699
u2 418.91 0.0699 2087.58 564.98 kJ/kg
s2 1.3068 0.0699 6.048 1.73 kJ/K
15
W2 1aW1b PdV P V1b V1a
1
500 1 3 1000 kJ
1
Q2 m u2 u1 1W2
8.472 564.98 3124.34 1000 22682.8 kJ
Q2
1
S2 gen m s2 s1 1
Tsurr
22682.8
8.472 1.73 7.7621
293.15
26.27 kJ/K
16
(8.131/8.153) A cylinder fitted with a frictionless
piston contains water. A constant hydraulic pressure
on the back face of the piston maintains a cylinder
pressure of 10 MPa. Initially, the water is at 700°C,
and the volume is 100 L. The water is now cooled
and condensed to saturated liquid. The heat released
during this process is the Q supply to a cyclic heat
engine that in turn rejects heat to the ambient at
30°C. If the overall process is reversible, what is the
net work output of the heat engine?
17
18
Energy equation: m u2 u1 1Q2 1W2
Process : P C
1W2 PdV Pm v2 v1
19
State 2 : P2 10 MPa, Saturated liquid
Table B 1.2 v2 v f 0.001452 m3 / kg,
h2 h f 1407.53 kJ/kg
s2 s f 3.3595 kJ/kg.K
1 Q2 m u2 u1 1W2
m u2 u1 Pm v2 v1
m h2 h1
2.295 1407.53 3870.52
5652.6 kJ
20
Heat transfer to the heat engine:
QH 1 Q2 5652.6 kJ
Take control volume as total water and H.E.
Qc.v.
Process: Reversible Snet 0 m s2 s1
TL
Qc.v. TL m s2 s1
303.15 2.295 3.3595 7.1687
2650.2 kJ
QL Qc.v. 2650.2 kJ
Wnet QH QL
5652.6 2650.2 3002.4 kJ
21
(8.134/159) A piston/cylinder assembly contains 2 kg
of liquid water at 200C, 100 kPa and it is now heated
to 3000C by a source at 5000C. A pressure of 1000
kPa will lift the piston off the lower stop. Find the
final volume, work, heat transfer, generation entropy.
3
W
1 2 PdV P2 (V2 V1 ) 1000 kPa (0.51588 0.002) m
513.9 kJ
1 Q2 m u2 u1 1W2 2 kg (2793.2 83.94) kJ/kg 513.9 kJ
5932 kJ
1Q2
1 S2, gen m( s2 s1 )
Tamb
5932.4 kJ
2 kg (7.1228 0.2966) kJ/kg.K
773.15 K
5.98 kJ/K 0