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    Here are the steps to solve this problem using the dilution equation: * You are given: Original solution volume (V1) = 23 mL and molarity (M1) = 5.1 M * Final volume (V2) = 250.0 mL * Substitute into the dilution equation: M1V1 = M2V2 * M1 = 5.1 M, V1 = 23 mL, V2 = 250.0 mL * Solve for M2: M2 = (M1V1) / V2 = (5.1 mol/L * 0.023 L) / 0.250 L = 0.20 M Therefore, the molarity of the

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    Here are the steps to solve this problem using the dilution equation: * You are given: Original solution volume (V1) = 23 mL and molarity (M1) = 5.1 M * Final volume (V2) = 250.0 mL * Substitute into the dilution equation: M1V1 = M2V2 * M1 = 5.1 M, V1 = 23 mL, V2 = 250.0 mL * Solve for M2: M2 = (M1V1) / V2 = (5.1 mol/L * 0.023 L) / 0.250 L = 0.20 M Therefore, the molarity of the

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    16 views43 pages

    Ch. 12 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    jim tanner
    Here are the steps to solve this problem using the dilution equation: * You are given: Original solution volume (V1) = 23 mL and molarity (M1) = 5.1 M * Final volume (V2) = 250.0 mL * Substitute into the dilution equation: M1V1 = M2V2 * M1 = 5.1 M, V1 = 23 mL, V2 = 250.0 mL * Solve for M2: M2 = (M1V1) / V2 = (5.1 mol/L * 0.023 L) / 0.250 L = 0.20 M Therefore, the molarity of the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 43

    A mixture that contains two or more substances

    where it is not possible to distinguish the


    substances from one another is called
    homogeneous mixture.

    Homogeneous Mixtures
    (Solutions)

    Solute Solvent
    The substance that The substance that
    dissolves does the dissolving
    Heterogeneous Mixtures
    • Suspensions
    – Mixtures with large particles that will settle to the
    bottom when left alone
    – Can be filtered
    – Soil in water

    • Colloids
    – Mixtures with medium size particles that won’t
    settle
    – Mayonnaise, milk
    Electrolytes
    • When a substance dissolves in water
    and breaks into charged particles
    • The charges can conduct electricity
    – NaCl breaks into Na+ and Cl-

    • Substances that don’t break into ions


    are nonelectrolytes
    – Sugar
    • Soluble
    – Capable of being dissolved
    • Insoluble
    – Not able to be
    – Creates a solution
    dissolved

    – Limit to the amount that can


    dissolve per volume – Creates a
    heterogeneous
    mixture
    Solvation
    • The process of surrounding solute
    particles with solvent particles to form
    a solution.

    • How are forces of attraction involved in


    the solvation process?
    Why do some things dissolve and others
    don’t?

    “like dissolves like”


    Factors that affect solvation
    • Agitation

    • Surface Area

    • Temperature
    Temperature and solvation
    • For gases, increasing temperature
    typically decreases solubility

    • For solids, it is harder to predict. Most


    of the time, increasing temperature
    increases solubility.
    • Saturated Solution
    A solution that contains the maximum of
    dissolved solute it can hold for that T & P.

    • Unsaturated Solution
    A solution that contains less dissolved solute
    than it can hold for that T & P.

    • Supersaturated Solution
    Contains more dissolved solute that a
    saturated solution at the same T & P.
    Solubility
    • Defined as the amount of a substance
    that is required to form a saturated
    solution at a specific temperature and
    pressure

    • Typically given in grams per gram of


    water.
    Solubility of gases & pressure
    • Solubility does not change much in
    solids and liquids when pressure is
    changed

    • Henry’s Law
    – The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
    proportional to the partial pressure of the
    gas
    How does energy change
    when solutions form?
    • When a solid dissolves, the solvent
    breaks the intermolecular forces and
    separates the particles

    • Can either release or absorb energy


    depending on the substance being
    dissolved
    Homework
    • Pg 426
    – #7 - 12
    4 ways to calculate Concentration

    • Percent by Mass

    • Percent by Volume

    • Molarity

    • Molality
    Percent by Mass = mass of solute x 100%
    mass of solution
    Percent by mass = mass of solute x 100%
    mass of solution
    What is the percent by mass of NaCl in solution
    when there are 0.0036 kg NaCl per 100.0 g of water?
    What is the percent by mass of sugar in a solution
    containing 21.4 g of sugar dissolved in 320.0 mL of
    water?
    There is 5004 g of solution. The percent by mass of
    potassium hydroxide in the solution is 32.3%. How
    many grams of potassium hydroxide are in the
    solution?

    How many grams of solvent are in the solution?


    There is 22 g of a solution of carbon dioxide in water.
    The percent by mass carbon dioxide in the solution
    is 4.3%. How many grams of carbon dioxide are in
    the solution?

    What is the volume of the solution assuming the


    volume of CO2 is negligible.
    What is the volume of a solution of salt water that
    contains 6.8% NaCl by mass and has a mass of 54.3
    g, assuming the volume of salt is negligible?
    Percent by volume = volume of solute x 100%
    volume of solution

    25.3 mL of carbon tetrachloride are dissolved in 0.51


    L of methanol. What is the percent by volume of
    carbon tetrachloride?
    What is the percent by volume of methanol in a
    solution that contains 113 mL methanol in 0.205 L
    of water?
    If 22 mL of ethanol is used to make a solution that is
    36% ethanol by volume, how many mL of solution is
    produced?
    Molarity
    Molarity = moles of solute
    liters of solution

    Volume of solution is not the same as


    volume of solvent. Adding in the solute often
    changes the total volume by a small amount.
    Molarity = moles of solute
    liters of solution

    6 mol of NaCl dissolved in water to give a total


    volume of 200 mL.
    A solution contains 0.372 g of K2O per 140 mL of
    solution. What is its molarity?
    What is the molarity of a 0.250 L solution containing
    14.11 g of NaC2H3O2?
    How many moles of CH3CH2OH are present in 500.0
    mL of a 2.5 M solution?
    How many grams of solute are present in 1.5 L
    of 0.20 M solution of Na2SO4?
    How many grams of solute are present in 200.0 mL
    of 0.75 M NaCl?
    How many moles are in 52 mL of 1.11 M
    Al2(PO4)3?

    How many grams are in 2.07 L of 5.2 M


    Ca(C2H3O2)2?

    How many grams are in 4.1 mol of CH4?


    Molality
    Molality = moles of solute
    kilograms of solvent

    Can measure with just a scale and no other tool.


    Measurement depends on solvent, unlike molarity.
    Really only used with water

    Unit is molal, m, or mol/kg


    Molality = moles of solute
    kg of solvent
    In the lab, a student adds 4.5 g of NaCl to 100.0g
    of water. Calculate molality
    What is the molality of a solution containing
    10.0 g of K2SO4 dissolved in 1000.0 g of
    water?
    Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by
    dissolving 10.0 g of NaCl in 600.0 g of water.
    Distinguish between a 1m solution and a
    1 M solution.
    How many kilograms of water must be added
    to 9.0 g of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, to prepare a
    0.024 m solution?

    How many grams of water must be added to


    12.0 g of CO2, to prepare a 1.3 m solution?
    Concentrated solutions are called
    stock solutions

    We use “stock solutions” to make less


    concentrated solutions in the lab.
    M1V1 = M2V2
    You have a 4.2 M stock solution of CaCl2. You
    need 250.0 mL of a 3.9 M solution.
    What is the volume of stock solution that you
    need to prepare the second solution?
    What volume of a 5.24 M LiCl stock solution would
    you use to make 0.500 L of a 3.5 M solution?
    You need 1500 mL of 0.1 M HCl. What would you do
    to prepare the solution from a stock solution of 2.3
    M HCl?
    In the lab, you dilute 23 mL of a 5.1 M solution to
    make 250.0 mL of a new solution. What is the
    molarity of the new solution?

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