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OB 4 Exam Edited 1
OB 4 Exam Edited 1
• Conscientiousness
• impulsive, disorganized vs. disciplined, careful
• Agreeableness
• suspicious, uncooperative vs. trusting, helpful
• Neuroticism
• calm, confident vs. anxious, pessimistic
• Openness to Experience
• prefers routine, practical vs. imaginative, spontaneous
• Extraversion
• reserved, thoughtful vs. sociable, fun-loving
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3. Evolutionary Routs of OB
• The evolution of OB as a discipline in is associated with the
development of science
• In the 15thcentury sir Francis Bacon advocate the very idea of
Organon.
• In 1776, Adam Smith advocated a new form of
organizational structure based on the division of labor.
• One hundred years later (1876) , German Sociologist Max
Weber introduced the concept about rational organizations and
initiated the concept of charismatic leadership.
• Though the origin to the study of Organizational Behavior can
• Thus, Fredrick Winslow Taylor introduced the systematic use of
goal setting and rewards to motivate employees that could be
considered as the starting of the academic discipline of
Organizational Behavior.
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• Taylor started scientific management in his time-and-motion studies
at the Midvale Steel Company in the early 1900's.
• As an industrial engineer, he was concerned within efficiencies in
manual labor jobs and believed that by scientifically studying the
specific motions that made up the total job, a more rational,
objective and effective method of performing the job could be
determined.
• In his early years as a foreman in the steel industry, he saw
different workers doing the same job in different ways.
• It was his opinion that each man could not be doing his job in the
optimal way, and he set out to find the one best way to perform the
job efficiently.
• His argument proved to be correct and in some instances Taylorism
resulted in productivity increases of 400 percent.
• In almost all cases, his methods improved productivity over existing
levels.
• Taylor advocated that people are primarily motivated by economic
rewards and well take direction if offered the opportunity to better
their economic positions.
• His theory stated that, physical work could be scientifically studied
to determine the optimal method of performing a job.
• workers would be willing to adhere to these prescriptions if paid on
differential piece work basis.
• Workers with appropriate abilities had to be selected and trained in
the appropriate task method.
• Supervisors needed to build cooperation among the workers to
ensure that they followed the designated method of work.
• There needed to be a clear division of work responsibilities.
• Previously, the workers planned how to approach a task, and then
they executed it.
Generally, Taylor‘identified four principles of scientific management
are summarized here:
1) Transport empty [unloaded] (TE): receiving an object with an empty hand. (Now
called "Reach".)
2) Grasp (G): grasping an object with the active hand.
3) Transport loaded (TL): moving an object using a hand motion.
4) Hold (H): holding an object.
5) Release load (RL): releasing control of an object.
6) Preposition (PP): positioning and/or orienting an object for the next operation and
relative to an approximation location.
7) Position (P): positioning and/or orienting an object in the defined location.
8) Use (U): manipulating a tool in the intended way during the course working.
9) Assemble (A): joining two parts together.
10) Disassemble (DA): separating multiple components that were joined.
11) Search (Sh): attempting to find an object using the eyes and hands.
12) Select (St): choosing among several objects in a group.
13) Plan (Pn): deciding on a course of action.
14) Inspect (I): determining the quality or the characteristics of an object using the eyes
and/or other senses.
15) Unavoidable delay (UD): waiting due to factors beyond the worker's control and
included in the work cycle.
16) Avoidable delay (AD): waiting within the worker's control which causes idleness
that is not included in the regular work cycle.
17) Rest (R): resting to overcome a fatigue, consisting of a pause in the motions of the
hands and/or body during the work cycles or between them.
18) Find (F): A momentary mental reaction at the end of the Search cycle. Seldom used.
A. The basic Motions Identified
A basic motion element is one of a set of fundamental motions required for a worker to perform
a manual operation or task. The set consists of 18 elements, each describing a standardized
activity.
1) Transport empty [unloaded] (TE): receiving an object with an empty hand. (Now
called "Reach".)
2) Grasp (G): grasping an object with the active hand.
3) Transport loaded (TL): moving an object using a hand motion.
4) Hold (H): holding an object.
5) Release load (RL): releasing control of an object.
6) Preposition (PP): positioning and/or orienting an object for the next operation and
relative to an approximation location.
7) Position (P): positioning and/or orienting an object in the defined location.
8) Use (U): manipulating a tool in the intended way during the course working.
9) Assemble (A): joining two parts together.
10) Disassemble (DA): separating multiple components that were joined.
11) Search (Sh): attempting to find an object using the eyes and hands.
12) Select (St): choosing among several objects in a group.
13) Plan (Pn): deciding on a course of action.
14) Inspect (I): determining the quality or the characteristics of an object using the eyes
and/or other senses.
15) Unavoidable delay (UD): waiting due to factors beyond the worker's control and
included in the work cycle.
16) Avoidable delay (AD): waiting within the worker's control which causes idleness
that is not included in the regular work cycle.
17) Rest (R): resting to overcome a fatigue, consisting of a pause in the motions of the
hands and/or body during the work cycles or between them.
18) Find (F): A momentary mental reaction at the end of the Search cycle. Seldom used.
• Henry L Gantt (1861-1919): One of Taylor's closest associates, Henry
Gantt latter become an independent consultant and made several
contributions of his own.
• The most well -known is the Gantt chart, a graphic aid to planning,
scheduling and control that is still in use today.
• He also devised a unique pay incentive system that not only paid
workers extra for reaching standard in the allotted time but also
awarded bonuses to supervisors when workers reached standard.
• He wanted to encourage supervisors to coach workers who were
having difficulties.
4. The Human Relations Movement
• The second major step on the way to current organizational behavior
theory was the Human Relations Movement that began in the 1930's
and continued in various forms until the 1950's.
• Raymond Mills states that the human relation approach was simply
to "treat people as human beings (instead of machines in the
productive process), acknowledge their needs to belong and to feel
important by listening to and heeding their complaints where
possible and involving them in certain decisions
• The Human Relations Movement, popularized by Elton Mayo and
his famous Hawthorne studies conducted at the Hawthorne Plant of
the Western Electric Company, in many ways it remained the
foundation of much of our management thinking today.
F. Geniocracy
•Geniocracy is the framework for a system of government which was
first proposed by Raël (leader of the International LABOR Movement)
in 1977 and which advocates problem-solving,
creative intelligence and compassion as criteria for governance.
•Aged king Saud and his aged relatives held rule along with many elder
I. Kakistocracy
•Kleptocrats may use political advantage to pass laws that enrich them or
their constituents and they usually circumvent the rule of law.
K. Kritarchy
•Kritarchy, also called kritocracy, was the system of rule by Biblical
judges in the tribal confederacy of ancient Israel during the period of
time described in the Book of Judges, following Joshua's conquest
of Canaan and prior to the united monarchy under Saul.
•To contrast such a rule by (modern) judges with the actual form of the
1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Judge Albie
Sachs coined the term dikastocracy for it, from δικαστής ("judge"),
rejecting the coinage "juristocracy" for being an admixture of Latin and
Greek.
L. Stratocracy
The term was initially coined by Flavius Josephus in the first century
A.D. to describe the characteristic government of the Jews.
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