Lecture 3

CSE 260
BRAC University, Fall’06

Binary Logic
• Binary logic consists of binary variables
and logical operations.
• Variables are designated by letters
such as A, B, C, x, y, z etc. with only 2
possible values: 1 and 0.
• Logic operations: and, or, not etc.
Logic Gates
• The most basic digital devices are

called gates.
• A gate has one or more inputs and
produces an output that is a function of
the current input values.
Most Important logic gates
• AND
• OR
• NOT
2-input AND gate
A A &
A.B A.B
B B
A B A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
2- input OR gate
A A
A+B A+B
B B
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT gate (Inverter)
A A' A A'
A A'
0 1
1 0
Some Other Gates
• NAND
• NOR
• XOR
• XNOR (equivalence)
2-input NAND gate
A
(A.B)' ≡ A
(A.B)'
A &
(A.B)'
B B B
A B (A.B)'
0 0 1
≡
0 1 1
1 0 1 NAND Negative-OR
1 1 0
2-input NOR gate
A
(A+B)' ≡ A
(A+B)'
A
(A+B)'
B B B
A B (A+B)'
0 0 1
0 1 0 ≡
1 0 0 NOR Negative-AND
1 1 0
2-input XOR gate
A A =1
A⊕B A⊕B
B B
A B A⊕B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Boolean Algebra
• Like any other deductive mathematical
system, defined with a set of elements, a set
of operators and a number of axioms or
postulates.
• In Boolean algebra, set consists at least 2

variables say x & y, with 2 binary operations
{+} and {.} and 1 unary operation {‘}
Boolean algebra Postulates
 Closure: For every x, y in B [let, B is the set],
 x + y is in B
 x . y is in B
 Commutative laws: For every x, y in B,

x+y=y+x
x.y=y.x
 Complement: For every x in B, there exists an

element x' in B such that
 x + x' = 1
 x . x' = 0
Boolean algebra Postulates
 Associative laws: For every x, y, z in B,
 (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) = x + y + z
 (x . y) . z = x .( y . z ) = x . y . z
 Identities (0 and 1):

0 + x = x + 0 = x for every x in B
1 . x = x . 1 = x for every x in B
 Distributive laws: For every x, y, z in B,
 x . (y + z) = (x . y) + (x . z)
 x + (y . z) = (x + y) . (x + z)
Truth Table
 Provides a listing of every possible
combination of inputs and its
corresponding outputs.
INPUTS OUTPUTS
… …
… …
 Example (2 inputs, 2 outputs):

x y x.y x+y
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
Proof using Truth Table
 Prove that: x . (y + z) = (x . y) + (x . z)
(i) Construct truth table for LHS & RHS of above equality.
x y z y + z x.(y + z) x.y x.z (x.y)+(x.z)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) Check that LHS = RHS

Postulate is SATISFIED because output column 2 & 5 (for
LHS & RHS expressions) are equal for all cases.
Duality
 Duality Principle – every valid Boolean
expression (equality) remains valid if the
operators and identity elements are
interchanged, as follows:
+↔.
1↔0
 Example: Given the expression
a + (b.c) = (a+b).(a+c)
then its dual expression is
a . (b+c) = (a.b) + (a.c)
Duality
 Duality gives free theorems – “two for the
price of one”. You prove one theorem and
the other comes for free!
 If (x+y+z)' = x'.y.'z' is valid, then its dual is
also valid:
(x.y.z)' = x'+y'+z’
 If x + 1 = 1 is valid, then its dual is also valid:
x.0=0
Basic Theorems of Boolean Algebra
• Postulate 5 (a) x+0=x (b) x.1=x
• Postulate 3 (a) x+x’=1 (b) x.x’=0
• Th 1 (a) x+x=x (b) x.x=x
• Th 2 (a) x+1=1 (b) x.0=0
• Th 3, involution (x’)’=x
• Pos 2 (a) x+y=y+x (b) xy=yx
• Th 4 (a) x(yz)=(xy)z (b)x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z
• Pos 6 (a) x(y+z)=xy+xz (b) x+yz=(x+y)(x+z)
• Th 5, DeMorgan (a) (x+y)’=x’y’ (b) (xy)’=x’+y’
• Th 6, Absorption (a) x+xy=x (b) x(x+y)=x
Proof of 1(a):
x+x = (x + x).1 (identity)
= (x + x).(x + x') (complementarity)
= x + x.x' (distributivity)
=x+0 (complementarity)
=x (identity)
 Theorems can be proved using the truth

table method. (Exercise: Prove De-
Morgan’s theorem using the truth table.)
 They can also be proved by algebraic
manipulation using axioms/postulates
or other basic theorems.
 Theorem 6a (absorption) can be proved by:

x + x.y = x.1 + x.y (identity)
= x.(1 + y) (distributivity)
= x.(y + 1) (commutativity)
= x.1 (Theorem 2a)
=x (identity)
 By duality, theorem 6b:
x.(x+y) = x
 Try prove this by algebraic manipulation.
Precedence of Operators
 To lessen the brackets used in writing boolean expressions,
operator precedence can be used.
 Precedence (highest to lowest): ' . +
 Examples:
a . b + c = (a . b) + c
b' + c = (b') + c
a + b' . c = a + ((b') . c)
 Use brackets to overwrite precedence.
 Examples:
a . (b + c)
(a + b)' . c
Boolean Functions
x y z F1 F2 F3 F4
 Examples: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
F1= xyz'
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
F2= x + y'z 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1
F3=(x'y'z)+(x'yz)+(xy') 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
F4=xy'+x'z 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
From the truth table, F3=F4.

Can you also prove by algebraic manipulation
that F3=F4?
Graphical presentation = ??
Assignment
• 2-5,2-6,2-11

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CSE 260

BRAC University, Fall’06

• The most basic digital devices are

• In Boolean algebra, set consists at least 2

 Commutative laws: For every x, y in B,

 Complement: For every x in B, there exists an

 Identities (0 and 1):

 Example (2 inputs, 2 outputs):

(ii) Check that LHS = RHS

 Theorems can be proved using the truth

 Theorem 6a (absorption) can be proved by:

From the truth table, F3=F4.

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