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  • 1.6 Cyclins and Cancer

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    The document summarizes key points about cell division and cancer: 1) Cyclins are proteins that control the cell cycle by activating enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases at specific stages. Different cyclins activate enzymes to trigger tasks in different phases. 2) Uncontrolled cell division can result in tumor formation and cancer if the cell cycle is not properly regulated by checkpoints. 3) Mutations in oncogenes, which normally control cell division, can cause uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth if the gene is mutated. Multiple mutations are needed in the same cell for it to become cancerous.

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    The document summarizes key points about cell division and cancer: 1) Cyclins are proteins that control the cell cycle by activating enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases at specific stages. Different cyclins activate enzymes to trigger tasks in different phases. 2) Uncontrolled cell division can result in tumor formation and cancer if the cell cycle is not properly regulated by checkpoints. 3) Mutations in oncogenes, which normally control cell division, can cause uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth if the gene is mutated. Multiple mutations are needed in the same cell for it to become cancerous.

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    4 views30 pages

    1.6 Cyclins and Cancer

    Uploaded by

    alina blue
    The document summarizes key points about cell division and cancer: 1) Cyclins are proteins that control the cell cycle by activating enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases at specific stages. Different cyclins activate enzymes to trigger tasks in different phases. 2) Uncontrolled cell division can result in tumor formation and cancer if the cell cycle is not properly regulated by checkpoints. 3) Mutations in oncogenes, which normally control cell division, can cause uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth if the gene is mutated. Multiple mutations are needed in the same cell for it to become cancerous.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 30

    1.

    6 Cell
    Division
    Cyclins and Cancer
    Starter slide 5
    Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plant and
    animal cells.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMFaz5hD76k
    Experiment – slide 6
    When finished slide 7
    The cell cycle has to be regulated to prevent the cell from
    replicating uncontrollably.
    Uncontrolled cell division results in tumours characteristic of
    cancer

    There are 3 major checkpoints serving as the control point


    where “on” and “off” signals are used to regulate the cell cycle
    • G1 checkpoint
    • G2 checkpoint
    • M checkpoint
    Cyclin
    s
    • Are one group of factors that control the cell cycle. The concentration of
    cyclins is affected by several factors eg amount of DNA in the cell
    • Proteins that ensure tasks are preformed at the correct time and that cell
    only move onto the next stage of the cell cycle when appropriate.
    • once the concentration has reached it critical level the cyclin will activate an
    enzyme
    • Cyclins bind to enzymes (cyclin-dependent kinases) activating them.
    • Once activated the enzymes (kinases)attach a phosphate group other
    proteins, triggering the proteins to carry out a task specific to a phases of
    the cell cycle.
    Four
    types
    • Cyclin D moves the cell from G0 to G1 and G1 to S
    • Cyclin E prepares for DNA replication in S
    • Cyclin A activates DNA to be replicated in S
    • Cyclin B assembly of mitotic spindle

    • If the threshold concentration is not reached for the cyclins the cell
    doesn’t move onto the next stage
    Classkicks slide 8
    Tumour formation and
    cancer
    • Tumours are groups of abnormal cells
    • 2 types benign and malignant tumours.
    • Benign tumours can adhere to each other but do not invade nearby tissues or
    move to other parts of the body
    • Other tumours can detach and move elsewhere in the body and develop
    secondary tumours.
    • Malignant and can be life threatening. Diseases due to malignant tumours are
    know as cancer

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BJ8_5Gyhg8&feature=yo
    utu.be
    Causes of
    Cancer
    • Carcinogens are chemicals and agents that cause cancer (carcinomas)
    • Mutagen is something that causes a mutation in DNA (change in DNA)

    • Types of carcinogens:
    • Viruses
    • X-rays
    • UV light
    Mutation
    s
    • Random change in base sequent of genes
    • Most of the time a mutation in a gene will not cause cancer
    • The few genes that become cancer causing after mutations are called
    oncogenes
    • In normal cells oncogenes control cell cycle and cell division
    • If mutated it results in uncontrolled cell division and therefore tumour
    causing
    • Several mutation must occur in the same cell for it to become a
    tumour cell.
    • The chance of this happening is extremely small but because
    there is a vast number of cells in the body , the total chance of
    a tumour forming over our lifespan is significant due to the
    amount of cells we have
    • When this tumour cell divides it becomes a primary tumour.
    • If a piece of the primary tumour breaks away and moves to another
    part of the body to set up a secondary tumour it is called Metastasis
    An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause
    cancer.
    Read and Answer smoking and cancer page 57 in
    book

    15 minutes
    End of Topic
    Questions
    5 x 2500 = 12500 um = 12.5 mm

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