MS Oxygenation
MS Oxygenation
MS Oxygenation
Prepared by:
COPD:
Asthma
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Pulmonary Vascular Disease:
Cor Pulmonale
Pulmonary Embolism
Hematopoietic
Signs of Hypoxemia
1. Increased pulse rate
2. Rapid, shallow respiration
3. Increased restlessness
4. Flaring of nares
5. Substernal or intercostal retractions
6. Cyanosis
OXYGEN SYSTEMS:
1. Low-flow Administration Devices
a. Nasal Cannula (24-45% at 2-6LPM)
b. Simple Face Mask (40-60% at 5-8LPM)
c. Partial Rebreathing Mask
(60-90% at 6-10LPM)
d. Non-rebreathing Mask
(95-100% at 6-15LPM)
e. Oxygen Tent
2. High flow Administration Devices
a. Venturi Mask
b. Oxygen Hood
c. Incubator / Isolette
Common Manifestations:
1. Cough
- the cardinal symptom of respiratory
problem
2. Dyspnea
- refers to difficulty on breathing
* EXERTIONAL DYSPNEA
* PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL
* ORTHOPNEA
3. Clinical Signs of Hypoxia
EARLY SIGNS LATE SIGNS
Tachycardia Bradycardia
Kussmaul’s Respiration Dyspnea
N/V Decreased Systolic BP
Headache Cough
Irritability Increased RBC
Memory loss Increased Hgb
Dizziness Clubbing of fingers
4. Clubbing of Fingers
5. Hemoptysis
6. Chestpain
7. Headache
8. Easy fatigability
9. Cyanosis
10. Skin flushing
11. Seizures
12. Altered level of consciousness
Common Pharmacologic Agents
1. Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents
2. Bronchodilators
3. Antibacterial
4. Corticosteroids
5. Antihistamine
6. Mucolytic, Antitussive and Expectorant
Common Procedures/ Tests
1. Abdominal Thrust (Heimlich Maneuver)
- a short, abrupt pressure against the
abdomen, two fingerbreadths above the
umbilicus, to raise the intrathoracic
pressure.
PARTIAL: Noisy respiration, repeated
coughing
TOTAL: Cessation of breathing, inability to
speak
2. Radiographic Scanning Test (X-RAY)
3. Endoscopy (Bronchoscopy)
4. Chest Physiotherapy
5. Suctioning of Airway
6. Tracheostomy care
7. Pulmonary Function Test
- Incentive Spirometry
*Tidal Volume (500ml)
* Residual Volume (1200ml)
* Expiratory Reserve Volume (1000-1200ml)
* Inspiratory Reserve Volume (3000-3300ml)
8. Pulse Oximetry
9. Sputum Exam
10. Oxygen Therapy
11. Thoracentesis
12. Chest Tube (T-Tube)
- to drain air : 2nd or 3rd ICS
- to drain blood/ fluid: 8th or 9th ICS
13. Pulmonary Angiogram
TUBERCULOSIS
PNEUMONIA
EMPHYSEMA
BRONCHITIS
ASTHMA
Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD)
1. Atherosclerosis
- an abnormal accumulation of lipid, or
fatty, substances and fibrous tissues in the
vessel wall
2. Arteriosclerosis
- refers to hardening of the vessel walls
Risk Factors for CAD
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
Family History of CAD
Increasing Age
Gender
Race
Modifiable Risk Factors
High Blood pressure
Cigarette smoking
High Blood cholesterol levels
Diabetes Mellitus
Lack of estrogen in women
Physical inactivity
Obesity
Controlling Cholesterol
Normal Total Serum Cholesterol =
150-240mg/dl
HDL = 29-77mg/dl
LDL= 60-160mg/dl
Triglycerides= 10-190mg/dl
Desired levels of LDL?
< 160mg/dl for patients with one or no risk
factors
Trop-T
Normal: NEGATIVE
Rises: immediate
Peak: 4-24 hours
Returns to Normal: 1-3 weeks
Management:
PROGNOSIS: Good
CLASSIFICATION II
PROGNOSIS: Good
CLASSIFICATION III
PROGNOSIS: Fair
CLASSIFICATION IV
PROGNOSIS: Poor