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Oncology
Oncology
SMITA VERMA
ERA COLLEGE OF NURSING
INTRODUCTION
The word 'oncology' originated
from two Greek word 'onkos' and
‘logos’. The word ‘onkos’ means
mass relating to tumors and
‘logos’ means study or science.
DEFINITION
Growth Normal cells stop growing In contrast, cancer cells don’t stop
(reproducing) when enough cells are growing when there are enough cells
present present.
Cell repair and cell death Normal cells are either repaired or Cancer cells are either not repaired or
die (undergo apoptosis) do not undergo apoptosis.
Stickiness Normal cells secrete substances that Cancer cells fail to make these
make them stick together in a group. substances, and can “float away”.
Ability to Metastasize Normal cells stay in the area of the Cancer cells, travel via the
(Spread) body where they belong. bloodstream and lymphatic system to
other regions of the body
Appearance Under a microscope, normal cells and cancer cells have an abnormal shape,
cancer cells may look quite different. both of the cell, and of the nucleus.
Cont……..
CHARACTE- NORMAL CELL CANCER CELL
RISTICS
The rate of growth Normal cells reproduce themselves and then Cancer cells reproduce rapidly before
stop when enough cells are present. the cells have had a chance to mature.
Evading the immune When normal cells become damaged, the Cancer cells are able to evade (trick)
system immune system identifies and removes them. the immune system long enough to
grow into a tumor.
Functioning Normal cells perform the function they are Where as cancer cells may not be
meant to perform. functional
Blood supply Normal cells undergo a process called Cancer cells undergo angiogenesis
angiogenesis only as part of normal growth even when growth is not necessary.
and development and when new tissue is
needed to repair damaged tissue.
Evading growth Normal cells are controlled by growth (tumor) Mutations that result in any of these
suppressors suppressors. tumor suppressor genes being
inactivated allow cancer cells to grow
unchecked.
NURSING ASSESSMENT – HISTORY
AND PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Laboratory tests (blood, urine, etc.)- including complete
blood count(CBC) with differential platelet count and
blood chemistries including liver function test, blood urea
and nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are done to determine
baseline values.
Further testing depends on cancer diagnosis
Blood markers (carcinoembryonic antigen),
PSA(Prostate specific antigen), CA15- 3,
CA125
Biopsy
Biopsy- The removal of tissue or cells for analysis is called
a biopsy. A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnosis most
cancers. Imaging tests like CT scans and X-rays can help
identify areas of concerns, but they can’t differentiate
between cancerous and noncancerous cells.
Types of biopsies
Bone marrow biopsy
Endoscopic biopsy
Needle biopsy
Skin biopsy
Surgical biopsy
Imaging tests (X-ray, PET/CT, MRI, ultrasound,
etc.)- Imaging tests can be used to look for cancer, find
out how far it has spread, and to help see if cancer
treatment is working.
Nuclear medicine scans (bone scans, etc.)- Nuclear
medicine scans can helps find tumors and see how
much the cancer has spread in the body (called the
cancer's stage).
Endoscopy- An endoscopy is a test that looks inside
the body. The endoscope is a long flexible tube which
has a tiny camera and light on the end of it.
Mammography-A mammography is an x-ray picture
of the breast. It can be used to check for breast cancer
in women who have no signs or symptoms of the
disease.
Breast self-examination (BSE) - It is a screening
method used in an attempt to detect early breast
cancer.
Pap smear test-A procedure in which a small brush
or spatula is used to gently remove cells from the
cervix so they can be checked under a microscope for
cervical cancer or cell changes that may lead to
cervical cancer.
CANCER
INTRODUCTION
The word cancer, often abbreviated Ca, as a term that
frightens most people. Cancer is synonymous with the
term "malignant neoplasm".
The word 'neoplasm' is derived from Greek words
“neo” means “new” and “plasm” means “tissue”.
Thus, neoplasm is defined as an abnormal new growth
or formation of tissue that serves no useful purpose
and may harm. A neoplasm may be either benign or
malignant.
DEFINITION