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    This document discusses biological communities and species interactions. It defines a biological community as an assemblage of interacting organisms that coexist in a particular area and time. Species within a community affect each other through competition, predation, parasitism, and other interactions. Communities have properties like stratification, niche structure, and species diversity. Species can interact through competition, amensalism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, and mutualism, with varying effects on each other. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help species survive different interactions.

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    COMMUNITY ECOLOGY2 (1)

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    This document discusses biological communities and species interactions. It defines a biological community as an assemblage of interacting organisms that coexist in a particular area and time. Species within a community affect each other through competition, predation, parasitism, and other interactions. Communities have properties like stratification, niche structure, and species diversity. Species can interact through competition, amensalism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, and mutualism, with varying effects on each other. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help species survive different interactions.

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    7 views26 pages

    Community Ecology2

    Uploaded by

    Itsme Hang
    This document discusses biological communities and species interactions. It defines a biological community as an assemblage of interacting organisms that coexist in a particular area and time. Species within a community affect each other through competition, predation, parasitism, and other interactions. Communities have properties like stratification, niche structure, and species diversity. Species can interact through competition, amensalism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, and mutualism, with varying effects on each other. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help species survive different interactions.

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    of 26

    COMMUNITY ECOLOGY & SPECIES

    INTERACTION

    ZGE 4301- Environmental Sciences


    Dept of Biological Sciences
    UE - Manila
    Biological Community
    • assemblage of interacting organisms (either of the same or
    different species) coexisting in a particular area and time
    • Because of their interactions, members of a community
    tend to affect each other’s abundance, distribution,
    adaptation, and existence
    • properties
    a. Scale – size of the community; lacks precise boundaries
    b. Structure : Spatial and Temporal

    zonation stratification seasonality, timing of appearance


    divided into zones formation of different strata & activity of species
    Stratification
    • Herb or ground layer-depend on the
    soil moisture & nutrient, slope position,
    density of canopy & understory
    • Shrub Layer- layer of small to medium
    shade tolerant shrubs
    • Understory- consists of tall shrubs &
    understory trees & younger trees;
    species unable to tolerate shade will
    die; others will eventually grow to reach
    maturity after some of the older tress in
    the canopy die or harvested
    • Canopy- primary site of energy fixation
    through photosynthesis
    • Emergent- trees that rise above the
    general canopy
    c. niche structure
    Species interaction
    shows how one population influence individuals of the other interacting population
    influence species niche
    Ecological Niche
    the functional role of the species in a community; it includes the type of food it eats,
    where it lives, where it reproduce & its relationship with other species
    d. Species diversity
    d.1 Species richness
    refers to the number of different species present in a community
    (more species=greater richness)
    d.2 Species evenness
    - describes the relative abundance of the different species in a community
    - relative abundance refers to how common or rare a species is relative to
    other species in a community
    - evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community
    - % composition of an organism of a particular kind relative to the total number
    of organisms in the community
    species abundance is the number of individuals per species
    Species Interaction
    symbols +, -, 0 refer to the effect of one species to the
    other when both are living together
    + means the species benefit from the interaction
    - means the species is harmed by the interaction
    0 means the species is not affected by the interaction
    Species Interaction

    Type of Nature of
    Species 1 & 2
    Interaction interaction

    Neither population
    Neutralism 0,0 affects the other

    Direct or indirect
    Competition -- , -- inhibition of each
    species by the other

    One population is
    Amensalism -- , 0 inhibited, the other
    is not affected

    One population is
    Commensalism +,0 benefited, the other
    is not affected
    Neutralism Amensalism
    • the shag (Phalacrocovax
    aristotelis) and cormorant
    (P. carbo) taller plants shade smaller stature species
    Commensalism
    • Pilot fish swimming alongside a
    whitetip shark • Staghorn fern on tree
    Competitive exclusion principle
    • If two species, with the same niche, coexist in the same ecosystem, then one
    will be excluded from the community due to intense competition
    • No 2 species can occupy the same ecological niche for long, the one that is
    more efficient in using the available resources will exclude the other
    Competition Impacts
    Resource Partitioning
    Species Interaction
    Type of
    Species 1 & 2 Nature of interaction
    Interaction

    The interaction is
    Parasitism +,- beneficial to one and
    detrimental to another

    The interaction is
    Predation +,- beneficial to one and
    detrimental to another

    Interaction is favorable to
    Protocooperation +,+ both but not obligatory

    Both populations benefit


    Mutualism +,+ from the interaction;
    obligatory
    Parasitism
    • Wood Tick on finger Round worms in human intestines
    Predation

    Canadian lynx and hare Bald eagle catching a fish


    ADAPTATIONS - Prey

    ▫ Camouflaged
    ▫ Speed
    ▫ Protective armors
    ▫ Mimicry
    Adaptation - Mimicry
    Mutualism (Protocooperation)
    Mutualism (Protocooperation)
    Lichen on a tree bark
    • ants and aphids
    Mutualism (Symbiosis)
    • Flowering plants and pollinators
    • Lichens – association of algae and fungi
    • Endophytes
    Community Structure
    • Species Diversity
    ▫ species richness and abundance
    • Trophic structure
    ▫ feeding relationships within organisms
    Trophic Structure

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