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    Cellular respiration is a three-stage aerobic process where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It occurs in the cells of all living things. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and uses pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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    Cellular respiration is a three-stage aerobic process where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It occurs in the cells of all living things. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and uses pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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    17 views9 pages

    Science 9 q1w7

    Uploaded by

    seanfelix07102009
    Cellular respiration is a three-stage aerobic process where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It occurs in the cells of all living things. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and uses pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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    of 9

    CELLULAR

    RESPIRATION

    SCIENCE 9 | QUARTER 1 | WEEK 7

    JOHN LOUIE M. GARCIA


    2

    CELLULAR
    RESPIRATION
    Cellular respiration is the aerobic process by which
    living cells break down glucose molecules, release
    energy, and form molecules of ATP. The three-stage
    process involves glucose and oxygen reacting to form
    carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in the cells of all
    living things, both autotrophs and heterotrophs. The
    overall breakdown of glucose during the cellular
    respiration is shown below:

    C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP


    C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

    Notice that the process is the reverse of photosynthesis.


    The products of photosynthesis are the reactants in
    cellular respiration, and the reactants in photosynthesis
    are the products in cellular respiration.
    The reactions of cellular respiration can be grouped into
    three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also called
    the citric acid cycle), and electron transport.

    9/3/20XX 3
    Glycolysis
    It is the process of breakdown of glucose into two
    molecules of pyruvate, producing ATP. It takes place in
    the cytosol of the cytoplasm. The word glycolysis
    means “glucose splitting”.
    In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken
    down into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called
    pyruvate (also known as pyruvic acid). This change is
    accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP (Adenosine
    Triphosphate) molecules and 2 NADH (Nicotinamide
    Adenine Dinucleotide) molecules.

    4
    Structure of Mitochondrion

    Krebs cycle and electron transport


    happen in mitochondrion. It is
    considered as the powerhouse of the
    cell. It plays an important role in the
    breakdown of food molecules to
    release the stored energy in the form
    of ATP.

    5
    Primary Parts and Function:
    The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the
    function it performs:

    ▪ Outer membrane – contains transport proteins that


    enable the shuttling of pyruvate from the cytosol
    ▪ Inner membrane – contains the electron transport
    chain and ATP synthase (used for oxidative
    phosphorylation)
    ▪ Cristae – the inner membrane is arranged into
    folds that increase the ratio of surface area and volume
    of the organelle.
    ▪ Intermembrane space – small space between
    membranes maximizes hydrogen gradient upon proton
    accumulation
    ▪ Matrix – central cavity that contains appropriate
    enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle to
    occur 6
    Krebs Cycle

    The Krebs Cycle, named after Sir Hans Krebs, is a


    sequence of reactions in the living organism in which
    oxidation of acetic acid or acetyl equivalent provides
    energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in ATP). It
    occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and generates a pool
    of chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2) from the
    oxidation of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.
    Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses
    carbon dioxide to form Acetyl-CoA (coenzyme A), a 2-
    carbon molecule. When acetyl-CoA is oxidized to
    carbon dioxide in the Krebs cycle, chemical energy is
    released and captured in the form of NADH, FADH2,
    and ATP. 7
    Stages:
    1. The acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon
    compound oxaloacetic acid to form a 6-carbon
    compound known as the citric acid. Krebs cycle is
    also known as citric acid cycle.
    2. Citric acid is broken down into two molecules of CO2
    and generates one ATP molecule, three NADH, and
    one FADH2, FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) is
    another electron carrier similar to NAD. Since there are
    two molecules of pyruvate formed during the glycolysis
    stage, there will be two “turns” of the Krebs cycle, for
    each glucose molecule.
    3. Finally, acetyl-CoA and citric acid are generated and
    the cycle continues.
    8
    9

    ELECTRON
    TRANSPORT CHAIN
    The electron transport chain (ETC) is a cluster of
    proteins that transfer electrons through a
    membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient
    of protons that drives the creation of adenosine
    triphosphate (ATP). ATP is used by the cell as the
    energy for metabolic processes for cellular
    functions. ETC allows the release of the large
    amount of chemical energy stored in reduced
    NAD+ (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH2). The
    energy released is captured in the form of ATP (3
    ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2)

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