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    4 Carbon

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    4 Carbon

    Uploaded by

    EunChae은채
    7 views16 pages

    Original Title

    4-Carbon

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    4 Carbon

    Uploaded by

    EunChae은채

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    Chapter 4

    Carbon and the Molecular


    Diversity of Life

    PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

    Biology
    Eighth Edition
    Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

    Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
    Overview: Carbon: The Backbone of Life

    • Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest


    consists mostly of carbon-based compounds.
    • Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse
    molecules because each carbon atom makes 4
    bonds.
    • Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other
    molecules that distinguish living matter are all
    composed of carbon compounds.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

    • Most contain hydrogen atoms


    • The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
    – four valence electrons (outer shell)  4
    covalent bonds
    – Tetrahedral shape: carbon bonded to four
    atoms
    – Flat (Linar): two carbon atoms are joined by a
    double bond

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    The Shapes of Tree Dimensional Organic Molecules

    Molecular Structural Ball-and-Stick Space-Filling


    Name Formula Formula Model Model
    (a) Methane

    (b) Ethane

    (c) Ethene
    (ethylene)
    Valences of the major elements of organic molecules

    Carbon is versatile and most frequently bonds with: H, O,


    N, and other C atoms.

    Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon


    (valence = 1) (valence = 2) (valence = 3) (valence = 4)

    H O N C
    • Carbon atoms partner with other atoms to form
    compounds such as: Carbon dioxide: CO2,
    Urea: CO(NH2)2, Glucose: C6H12O6

    • Carbon chains: skeletons of organic molecules.


    Hydrocarbons

    • carbon and hydrogen.

    • Fats: long hydrocarbon chains

    • release a large amount of energy


    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
    Variation in carbon skeletons

    Ethane Propane
    1-Butene 2-Butene
    (a) Length (c) Double bonds

    Butane 2-Methylpropane
    (commonly called isobutane) Cyclohexane Benzene
    (b) Branching (d) Rings
    The role of hydrocarbons in fats - fatty acids (H-C chains)

    Fat droplets (stained red)

    100 µm
    (a) Mammalian adipose cells (b) A fat molecule
    Isomers

    • same molecular formula but different structures and


    properties:
    – Structural isomers: different atom covalent
    arrangements
    – Geometric isomers: same covalent
    arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements.
    – Enantiomers: mirror images isomers

    • pharmaceutical industry

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Three
    types of
    Isomers
    Pentane 2-methyl butane

    (a) Structural isomers

    cis isomer: The two Xs are trans isomer: The two Xs are
    on the same side. on opposite sides.

    (b) Geometric isomers

    L isomer D isomer

    (c) Enantiomers
    The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

    Effective Ineffective
    Drug Condition
    Enantiomer Enantiomer

    Ibuprofen Pain;
    inflammation
    S-Ibuprofen R-Ibuprofen

    Albuterol Asthma

    R-Albuterol S-Albuterol
    Functional groups

    • characteristic groups attached to molecule

    • involved in chemical reactions.


    • number and arrangement gives its unique properties

    • 7 functional groups
    – Hydroxyl group: -OH; Carbonyl group: -C=O
    – Carboxyl group: -COOH Amino group: -NH2
    – Sulfhydryl group: -SH Methyl group: -CH3
    – Phosphate group: -OPO32-

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    A comparison of chemical groups of female (estradiol) and male
    (testosterone) sex hormones

    Estradiol

    Testosterone
    ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular
    Processes
    • One phosphate molecule, adenosine
    triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy-
    transferring molecule in the cell.
    – adenosine

    – three phosphate groups.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    ATP

    Adenosine
    Reacts
    with H2O
    P P P Adenosine Pi P P Adenosine Energy
    ATP Inorganic ADP
    phosphate

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