Internet of Things

Presented by:
Mr. Sreenivasulu K N
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE
NCET
 Module 2
Smart Objects
• Even the mobiles or smart phones which we daily use will
have some sensors like hall sensor, proximity sensor,
accelerometer, touch screen, microphone etc.

• These sensor acts as eyes, ears, nose of any electrical

equipment which senses the parameters in outside world
and give readings to devices or Microcontroller
• An IoT device is made up of a Physical object
(“thing”) + Controller (“brain”) + Sensors +
Actuators + Networks (Internet).
• Sensors in the device sense the environment,
then control signals are generated for the
actuators according to the actions needed to
perform
• An actuator is a machine component or
system that moves or controls the mechanism
or the system.
Sensor : (transducer, probe, gauge, detector)

• A sensor is a device that “listens” to the physical environment and tells you what
happens . Each sensor is able to listen to a specific input, that can be light, heat, motion,
moisture, pressure, or any one of a great variety of other environmental phenomena.

Definition:

• The sensor can be defined as a device which can be used to sense/detect the
physical quantity like force, pressure, strain, light etc and then convert it into
desired output like the electrical signal to measure the applied physical quantity.
Simple classification of sensors:

• first classification of the sensors, they are divided in to Active and Passive.

 Active Sensors are those which require an external excitation signal or a power

signal.

 Passive Sensors on the other hand, do not require any external power signal and

directly generates output response.

• The other type of classification is based on the means of detection used in the sensor.

Some of the means of detection are Electric, Biological, Chemical, Radioactive etc.
• The next classification is based on conversion phenomenon i.e., the input and

the output. Some of the common conversion phenomena are Photoelectric,

Thermoelectric, Electrochemical, Electromagnetic, Thermo-optic, etc.

• The final classification of the sensors are Analog and Digital Sensors.

 Analog Sensors produce an analog output i.e., a continuous output signal

(usually voltage but sometimes other quantities like Resistance etc.) with respect

to the quantity being measured.

 Digital Sensors in contrast to Analog Sensors, work with discrete or digital

data. The data in digital sensors, which is used for conversion and transmission,

is digital in nature.
Types of Sensors
Characteristics of IoT sensors :
• Data Filtering
• Minimum power consumption
• Compact
• Smart detection
• High Sensitivity
• Linear
• Dynamic Range
• Accuracy
• Limited Noise
• Wide Bandwidth
• High Resolution
• Minimum Interruption
• Higher Reliability
• Ease of Use
Data Filtering:
A sensor’s core function is the ability to collect and send data to IoT gateway or other
appropriate systems. Sensors are not expected to perform deep analytical functions.

However, simple filtering techniques may be required. Onboard data (or signal) processing
microcontroller makes a smart sensor smarter.

The microcontroller filters the data/signals before transmission to the IoT gateway or
control network. It basically removes duplicate or unwanted data or noise before
transferring the data.

Minimum power consumption:

Several factors are driving the requirements for low power consumptions in IoT. Sensors for multiple IoT

verticals (e.g., smart grid, railways, and roadsides) will be installed in locations that are difficult to reach

to replace batteries.
Compact:
Space will also be limited for most IoT verticals. As such, sensors need to fit in small spaces.
Smart Detection:
An important sensing category for the IoT is remote sensing, which consists of acquiring
information about an object without making physical contact with it; the object can be nearby
or several hundred meters away. Multiple technology options are available for remote sensing,
and they can be divided into three broad functions:

• Presence or proximity detection—when just determining the absence or presence of

an object is sufficient (e.g., security applications).

This is the simplest form of remote sensing.

• Speed measurement—when the exact position of an object is not required,
but the object’s speed is (e.g., traffic monitoring applications).
• Detection and ranging—when the position of an object relative to the sensor must be
determined precisely and accurately (e.g., vehicle collision avoidance).
High Sensitivity:

• Sensitivity is generally the ratio of a small change in electrical output signal to a small change

in physical signal. It may be expressed as the derivative of the transfer function (the

functional relationship between input signal and output signal) with respect to physical signal.

• Sensitivity indicates how much the output of the device changes with unit change in input

(quantity to be measured).

• For example, if the voltage of a temperature sensor changes by 1 mV for every 1 °C change in

temperature, then the sensitivity of the sensor is said to be 1 mV/ °C.

Linearity: Linearity is the measure of the extent to which the output is linearly proportional to

the input. Nonlinearity is the maximum deviation from a linear transfer function over the specified

dynamic range.
Dynamic Range: The range of input signals which may be converted to electrical signals
by the sensor. Outside of this range, signals cause unsatisfactory accuracy.

Accuracy: The maximum expected error between measured (actual) and ideal output
signals. Manufacturers often provide the accuracy in the datasheet;

e.g., high-quality thermometers may list accuracy to within 0.01 % of full-scale output.

Hysteresis: A sensor does not return the same output value when the input stimulus is
driven up or down. The width of the expected error in terms of the measured quantity is
defined as the hysteresis.
Limited Noise:
All sensors produce some level of noise with their output signals. Sensor noise is only an issue if it
impacts the performance of the IoT system. Smart sensors must filter out unwanted noise and be
programmed to produce alerts on their own when critical limits are reached.

Wide Bandwidth:
Sensors have finite response times to instantaneous changes in physical signal. Also, many sensors
have decay times, which represent the time after a step change in input signal for the sensor output
to decay to its original value.

High Resolution:
The resolution of a sensor is defined as the smallest detectable signal fluctuation. It is the smallest
change in the input that the device can detect.
Minimum Interruption:
Sensors must operate normally at all time with zero or near-zero interruption and be
programmed to produce instant alerts on their own when their normal operation is
interrupted.

Higher reliability:
Higher reliability sensor provides the assurance to rely on the accuracy of the output
measurements.

Ease of use:
Ease of use is considered the top requirement for any electronic system nowadays. Clear
examples we have all experienced are Apple’s iPhone versus competitor devices with the same
functionality. Users are willing to pay more for easy to use devices, and sensors are no
exception
 Actuators are devices used to produce action or motion.

It is operated by a source of energy (mainly electrical signal, air ,fluids) and
converts that energy into motion.

Actuator is a mechanism by which a control system acts upon

environment.

Actuator’s output is usually Mechanical i.e. linear displacement or

velocity.

 Actuation can be from few microns to few meters.

Application of Actuator
1. Material handling. This is a universal need for every type of manufacturing operation.
2. Robotics. The automotive industry and any number of others are now using robotics to improve production quality
and accuracy and control production costs. Electric linear actuators meet the sophisticated needs of robotics. They
can control and repeat extremely precise movements, control rate of acceleration and deceleration, and control the
amount of force applied. And they can combine all these movements on multiple axes simultaneously.
3. Food and beverage manufacturing. Cleanliness is critical in these industries, and electric linear actuators are
both clean and quiet. In addition, food and beverage, medical device, semiconductor, and some other applications
also require stringent washdown protocols. Electric actuators are corrosion-resistant and have a smooth design that
offers few crevices where bacteria or dirt might accumulate.
4. Window automation. Manufacturing facilities and other large-scale indoor operations are constructed with heavy-
duty ventilation systems, but in some cases, natural ventilation is also desirable, especially to help control indoor
temperature. Electric linear actuators make it easy to remotely open and close heavy and/or high windows.
5. Agricultural machinery. Although heavy equipment and attachments are often powered with hydraulics,
machines that directly contact food or which require finessed movements can be fitted with electrical actuators
instead. Examples include combines that thresh and convey grains, spreaders with adjustable nozzles, and even
tractors.
6. Solar panel operation. For optimal operation, solar panels must tilt to directly face the sun as it moves across the
sky. Electric actuators enable commercial installations and utilities to efficiently and consistently control large solar
farms.
 Unmodulate
Energy Source

Control Signal Physical

Transducer
Signal Amplification Process

Amplifier converts the (low power) control signal into a high power signal .
Transducer converts the energy of the amplified control signal into work

Amplifier ---->>
Main Attributes Of Actuators
 The size of operating forces and torques.
 The operating environment.
 Linear or rotational movement.
 The energy source.
 Speed of response and motion.
 The amount of movement needed.
 The degree of precision needed.
 The method of control and monitoring.
Actuators can be classified

• by the motion they produce

• the power source they use

by the motion they produce
• Linear Actuators
• Rotary Actuators

by the power source they use

• Hydraulic Actuators
• Electric Actuators
• Pneumatic Actuators
• Thermal and Magnetic Actuators
Key Differences between Sensor & Actuators
SENSOR ACTUATOR
It converts physical characteristics into It converts electrical signals into physical
electrical signals. characteristics.

It takes input from output conditioning

It takes input from environment.
unit of system.

It gives output to input conditioning unit

It gives output to environment.
of system.

Sensor generated electrical signals. Actuator generates heat or motion.

It is placed at input port of the system. It is placed at output port of the system.

It is used to measure the continuous and

It is used to measure the physical quantity.
discrete process parameters.

It gives information to the system about

It accepts command to perform a function.
environment.

Example: Photo-voltaic cell which converts Example: Stepper motor where electrical
light energy into electrical energy. energy drives the motor.
IR(Infrared) Sensors :

• An IR sensor is an electronic device that detects IR radiation falling on it.

Some applications involving IR sensors.
 Proximity sensors (used in touchscreen phones and edge avoiding robots),
 contrast sensors (used in line following robots) and
 obstruction counters/sensors (used for counting goods and in burglar
alarms)
Principle of Working :
• An IR sensor consists of two parts,

the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit.

• This is collectively known as a photo-coupler or an

optocoupler.

• The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR

photodiode. The IR photodiode is sensitive to the IR
light emitted by an IR LED. The photo-diode’s
resistance and output voltage change in proportion to
the IR light received. This is the underlying working

• principle
The type of of
theincidence
IR sensor. can be direct incidence or indirect incidence.

There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors:

Transmissive Type and Reflective Type.

• In Transmissive Type IR Sensor, the IR

Transmitter (usually an IR LED) and the IR

Detector (usually a Photo Diode) are

positioned facing each other so that when an

object passes between them, the sensor

detects the object.

• The one type of IR Sensor is a Reflective

Type IR Sensor.
• In this, the transmitter and the detector

are positioned adjacent to each other

facing the object.

• When an object comes in front of the

sensor, the infrared light from the IR

Transmitter is reflected from the object

and is detected by the IR Receiver and

thus the sensor detects the object.

 Major industries using proximity sensors are machine tools,
woodworking machines, packaging machines and other types
of machinery.
 Further applications of are automatic door units such as
garage doors or doors inside buildings, elevator doors or doors
inside railway coaches.
 The building and automotive sector are further industries using
high volumes of proximity sensors.
A Proximity Sensor detects an Object When the Object
approaches within the Detection Range And
Boundary of the Sensor.

ProximitySensor Includes All The Sensor That Perform

Non Contact Detection In Comparison To Sensors
Such As Limit Switch That Detect The Object By
Physically Contacting Them.
 INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR

 CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR

 ULTRASONIC PROXIMITY SENSOR

 OPTICAL PROXIMITY SENSOR

 An Inductive proximity sensor is an electronic
proximity sensor,which detect metallic object
without touching them.

 Their operating principle is based on a coil and

high frequency oscillator that creates a field in
the close surrounding of the sensing surface .

 The operating distance of the sensor depends on

the coil’s size as well as the target ‘s shape, size and
material
 The Main Components Of The Inductive Proximity Sensor Are.
Coil, Oscillator, Detector And The Output Circuit

 The Operating Distance Of the Sensor Depends On the Actuator's

Shape And Size and Is Strictly Linked To the Nature Of The
Material

 The Coil Generates The High Frequency Magnetic Field In Front

Of the Face. When The Metallic Target Comes In this Magnetic Field
It Absorbs Some Of The Energy
 Hence the oscillator field is affected. The rise or fall of such
oscillation is identified by a threshold circuit..that changes the
output of the sensor.
ADVANTAGES
 they are very accurate compared to other technologies.
Have high switching rate.
Can work in harsh environmental conditions.
DISADVANTAGES
 It can detect only metallic target.
 Operating range may be limited.
 Capacitive Sensor Are Used For Non Contact
Detection Of Metallic Object And Non Metallic
Object(liquid, Plastic, Wooden Material Etc.)

 Capacitive Proximity Sensors Use The Variation Of

Capacitance Between The Sensor And Object Being
Detected.

 Capacitance Methods Are Very Sensitive , Distance

Down To One Micro Inch Can Be Measured.
 The Main Components Of The Capacitive Proximity Sensor Are Plate,
Oscillator, Threshold Detector And the Output Circuit.
 The Plate Inside the Sensor Acts As One Plate Of the Capacitor And the
Target acts as another plate and the Air acts as the Dielectric between the
Plates.
 The Capacitive Sensor Can Detect Any Targets Whose Dielectric Constant Is
More Than Air
Cont..
 As the object comes close to the plate of the capacitor the
capacitance increases and as the object moves away the
capacitance decreases
 an electronic circuit inside the sensor begins to oscillate. The
rise or the fall of such oscillation is identified by a threshold
circuit and based on that output switches.
ADVANTAGES
 It can detect both metallic and non metallic targets.
 Good stability
 High Speed
 Capacitive sensors are good in terms of power usage
 Low cost

DISADVANTAGES
 They are affected by temperature and humidity
 Difficulties in designing.
 Capacitive proximity sensors are not as accurate compare
to inductive sensors.
Ultrasonic Sensor Applications :
Robotic sensing
Stacking height control
Loop control
Liquid level control
Full detection
Counting people/people detection
Presence detection
Detecting breaks in threads or wires
Box sorting
Contouring or profiling
Irregular parts detection
Tank level detection
Many applications on the production line
Distance measurement - regardless of an object'sshape, colour or
surface texture
 Ultrasonic Sensor Are Some type used In place Of Optical
Sensors . Instead Of using an Light Beam , a High Frequency
Sound Wave is used.
 This Sound Wave Is above Normal Hearing Frequencies And Are
Called Ultrasonic Frequencies around 40 KHz Are Common.
 The Ultrasonic Sensor Can Measure Distances In Centimeters
And Inches. It Provides Good Readings In Sensing Large-sized
Objects With Hard Surfaces.
The ultrasonic sensor sends out sound and receives it back using the receiver. Together,
the ultrasonic sensor's sender and receiver look like a pair of eyes, but it is not a sight
sensor. Instead, those "eyes" are really more like a speaker and a microphone (a sound
sensor).
CONT.
 The Emitter And Detector Are 2 Separate Units. The Emitter Emits
The Light Which Is Detected By The Detector. A Target Is Detected
When It Passes In- between The Emitter And Detector.
ADVANTAGES
Ultrasonic proximity sensors are not affected by
atmospheric dust, snow, rain..etc
Can work in adverse conditions
Sensing distance is more compared to inductive or
capacitive proximity sensors
DISADVANTAGES
 Ultrasonic sensors Has More Difficulties Reading
Reflections From Soft, Curved, Thin Or Small Objects.
Introduction
• Bluetooth is a short-range and low power wireless technology
originally developed for exchanging data over short distances
from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks
(PANs).
• Short-range radio frequency technology that operates at 2.4 GHz
on an unlicensed Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band.
• Effective range of Bluetooth devices is 10 meters.
• It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to data cables.
LOGO
Value proposition of Bluetooth

Cordless
headset

mouse

Cell Data access

phone point

Internet access
Cable replacement Internet access
Cable replacement

Ad
Ad hoc
hocnetworking
networking
 Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread
spectrum.

 Supports data rate of 1 Mb/s(originally).

 Bluetooth devices are classified according to three different power

classes, as shown in the following table.
Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology,
creates wireless personal area network (WPAN)
for short-range transmission of digital audio and
data.
Wireless Network Tecnologies

5
4
A piconet is a network of devices connected using
Bluetooth technology.

When a network is established, one device takes the role

of the master while all the other devices act as slaves.

Master Device
Slave Device

Point to Point
Point to Multi Point 5
Collection of Piconets is called Scatternet.

A master or slave in one piconet can become slave in another

piconet.
Bluetooth technology is a combination of hardware and
software. On the hardware side, chip containing the Bluetooth
radio.That sends and receives signals at a specific ISM radio
frequency 2.4 GHz

The software interprets incoming Bluetooth signals and sends

them out in ways other devices can read and understand.
Frequancy Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of
transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carries
among many frequency channels. Transmitted data are
divided into packets, and each packet is transmitted on one
of the 79 Bluetooth channels.
Frequency hopping spread spectrum is defined in the 2.4 GHz
band and operates in around 79 frequencies ranging
from
2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz. Every frequency is modulated with
channel width of 1MHz and rates defined as 1 Mbps
 NOTE

It’s also define

bluetooth
data
transmiting
security