Concentration of Solutions

A Classification of matter composed of different
substances of varying proportions M_ x _ _ re
A classification of matter wherein the

components cannot be identified from one _om _ge_ _o_s
another
The unit of measure to the amount or number of _ _ le

atom/particles/ions in matter
The mass relationship between reactants and St_ _ ch _ _ met_ _
products in a chemical reaction
A type of change in matter wherein the identity P _ _ si _ al
and properties of matter are retained
SOLUTIONS
Objectives:
A. Describe the basic
properties of a solution
B. Describe the basic
types of solutions
C. Explain the effect of
temperature on the
solubility of solid in
liquid and liquid in gas
D. Explain the effect of
pressure on the
solubility of gas in
Solution
homogeneous mixture made up of atoms, ions, or molecules.
It has 2 mediums:
Solvent
-is the substance in greater quantity
- The dissolving medium
Solute
-Substance in lesser quantity
-The dissolved medium
Concentration of Solution
- the amount of solute present in a given amount
of solvent, or a given amount of solution.
Methods of expressing solution
concentrations
1. Molarity
2. Molality
3. Percent by Mass
4. Percent by Volume
5. Mole fraction
6. Parts Per Million
1. Percent by Mass
- also called percent by weight or weight
percent
- is the ratio of the mass of a solute to the
mass of the solution, multiplied by 100
percent
Problems:
1. In a solution prepared by dissolving 24g of
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) in 152g of water,
what is the mass percent of Sodium
Chloride (NaCl)?
2. A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride
(KCl) is dissolved in 54.6 g of water. What
is the percent by mass of KCl in the
solution?
Percent by Volume or Volume Percent
- is a common expression used for
expressing concentration.
- It is related to the molar concentration but
the difference is that the volume percent is
expressed with a denominator of 100.
- It is used for reporting concentration of
liquids solutes in solution.
- It is also called %V/V and it is always
expressed as percentage (%) and the units of
the volume should be in mL. .
- is also widely use in pharmaceutical field
for expressing the concentration of different
components in solution.
1. A solution of propanol is prepared by
dissolving 67 mL in enough water to have
a final volume of 250 mL. What is the
volume percent of the propanol?
2. How many mL of HNO3 concentrate are
needed to prepare 250 mL of solution 4%?
Parts per Million
-When the amount of solute is very small, as
with trace impurities in water, concentration
is often expressed in parts per million
- PPM is a term used in chemistry to denote a
very, very low concentration of a solution.
- One gram in 1000 ml is 1000 ppm and one
thousandth of a gram (0.001g) in 1000 ml is
one ppm.
- Parts Per Million (ppm) is a measurement of
the concentration of a solution.
1: What is the concentration of a solution in
parts per million, if 0.02 grams of NaCl is
dissolved in 1000 grams of solution?
Sample problem:
A. What is the % by mass and ppm of the
following solutions:
1. 30g of NaCl and 105 g of water
2. What is the concentration in ppm of a
solution that is 0.00007% by mass solute?
3. 45g of HCl in 200.0g solution
B. What mass of NaCl is needed to prepare
30.0%by mass of 500.0g solution of NaCl?
C. How many grams of water is needed to
prepare 2.5% by mass of 367g of sugar
solution?
Mole Fraction
It is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the
ratio of the number of moles of one component
to the number of moles of all components
present.
For a mixture of two substances, A and B, the
mole fractions of each would be written as
follows:
Where:
ni - number of moles of component i
nT- total number of moles present
• The mole fraction is always smaller than 1.
• *The mole fraction is unitless or dimensionless
because it is a ratio of two similar quantities*
Example 1: 0.100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into
100.0 grams of pure H2O. What is the mole
fraction of NaCl? What is the mole fraction of
H2O?
Solution:
Given: 0.100 mole of NaCl
100.0 grams of pure H2O
Unknown: mole fraction of H2O.
• Converting 100 grams of water into moles:
Example 2: A solution is prepared by mixing
25.0 grams of water and 25.0 grams of
ethanol (C2H5OH). Determine the mole
fractions of each substance.
Molarity
Otherwise known as “molar concentration”. It
is defined as the number of moles of solute
per liter of solution.
The SI unit for molarity is mol/m3; however, you
will almost always encounter molarity with the
units of mol/L. A solution of concentration 1
mol/L is also denoted as “1 molar” (1 M). Mol/L
can also be written in the following ways
(however, mol/L, or simply M, is most common)
It is important to keep in mind that molarity
refers only to the amount of solute originally
dissolved in water and does not take into
account any subsequent processes, such as
the dissociation of a salt or the ionization of
an acid.
Where n, denotes the number of moles of solute. And v
is the volume of solution in liters. Note that the volume
in the definition of Molarity refers to the volume of
solution and not the volume of the solvent. The reason
for this is because one liter of solution usually contains
either slightly more or slightly less than 1 liter of
solvent, due to the presence of the solute.
Example 1: How many grams of potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) are required to prepare a 250-mL solution
whose concentration is 2.16 M ?
Solution: First, identify the given
Given: Molarity = 2.16M
Solution = 250mL
*Note that the solution must be converted into
Liters and so 250 mL is equal to 0.250L.*
Second, identify the unknown or what is being
asked in the problem.
Unknown = Potassium dichromate in grams
Third, write the formula and calculate the
unknown. But in this case we have to derive the
formula
N = (2.16M) (0.250L) = 0.54 mol of potassium
dichromate.
The 0.54 mol potassium dichromate is not yet the
final answer because we still must convert it into
grams. Using the molar mass of K2Cr2O7 which is
294.2 g.
Converting 0.540mol of K2Cr2O7 to grams we
have;
Example 2: In a biochemical assay, a chemist
needs to add 3.81 g of glucose to a reaction
mixture. Calculate the volume in milliliters of
a 2.53 M glucose solution she should use for
the addition.
Molar mass = 180.2grams
Calculate the Molality of a sulfuric acid
solution containing 24.4g of sulfuric acid in
198 g of water. The MM of Sulfuric acid is
98.09 g.

Concentration of Solutions

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Concentration of Solutions

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A Classification of matter composed of different

substances of varying proportions M_ x _ _ re

A classification of matter wherein the

The unit of measure to the amount or number of _ _ le

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