Tissues and supporting system

Objectives

● To define and identify tissues in the body

● Discuss the skeleton as a supporting tissue and its biological significance
● Identify skeletal materials, e.g. bone, cartilage and chitin
● Discover the bones of the vertebral column and their functions
Tissues are group of similar cells that carry out specific functions.

Skeleton is the framework of the body which provides support, shape and
protection to the soft tissues and organs in animals.

It forms the central core of the human body and it is covered by muscles and
blood vessels and skin.
Types of skeletal material
There are 3 forms of skeletal materials found in animals. These are
1. Chitin
2. Cartilage
3. Bones
CHITIN

It is a tough non-living material present in arthropods (invertebrates).

It acts as a hard outer covering to the animal and is made up of a series of plates
covering or surrounding organisms.

Chitin is very tough, light and flexible.

CARTILAGE

This is a tissue present in the skeleton of complex vertebrates.

Cartilage consists of a hard matrix penetrated by numerous connective tissue fibres.
The matrix is secreted by living cells called chondroblasts or chondrocytes.
Chondroblast acts as a shock absorber in between bones during movement because
it is tough and flexible with great tensile strength.
It is found predominantly in mammals and cartilaginous fishes e.g. shark. It can also
be found in some parts of human body like nose, pinna etc.
TASK
Using your laptop, find the types of cartilage in human.
COMPARE YOUR FINDINGS

TYPES OF CARTILAGE
Cartilages are of three main types in mammals and
they are:

HYALINE CARTILAGE: This is the most common type

and can be found on the surface of moveable joint,
trachea and bronchi (for ease of respiration) and also
in protruding parts of the nose.

WHITE FIBROUS CARTILAGE: Tougher than the

hyaline cartilage and can be found in the intervertebral
disc of the vertebral column.

YELLOW ELASTIC CARTILAGE: This is found in the

external ear (pinna).
 Bones
This is the major component of the skeletal system and it consists of living cells (osteocytes),
protein fibres (collagen), and minerals such as calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Bones
are strong and very rigid (unlike cartilage) and are highly vascularised.

As the embryo grows, bone cells (osteocyte) replaces cartilage cells. Hence, the cartilage tissue
becomes hardened into the bone through the addition of minerals in a process called
OSSIFICATION.
TYPES OF BONES

1. Flat bones e.g skull

2. Long bones e.g lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the
upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges).
3. Short bones e.g wrist and ankle joints.
4. Irregular bones e.g the vertebrae, irregular bones of the vertebral column, protect the spinal cord. The
irregular bones of the pelvis (pubis, ilium, and ischium) protect organs in the pelvic cavity.
5. Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons .
1.FLAT BONES - Protect Internal Organs
2. Long Bones Support Weight and Facilitate Movement
3. Short Bones Are Cube-shaped
4. Irregular Bones Have Complex Shapes
5. Sesamoid Bones Reinforce Tendons
Task

Research and write down 5

differences between bones and
cartilages
Differences between bones and cartilages
TYPES OF SKELETON

The three main types of skeletons in animals are;

Hydrostatic skeleton: This is the type present in soft-bodied animals e.g.
earthworm, sea anemones etc. Such animal use pressure to support itself. They
also have a muscular body wall which is filled with fluid. The fluid presses against
the muscular wall causing them to contract and exerting force against the fluid.

Exoskeleton: This is the outer skeleton present in arthropods. It is secreted by

the cells covering the body of the animals and the main component is chitin (non-
living substance). The exoskeleton also supports animals against gravity and
enables them to move about. Animals with these skeleton types periodically shed
the old skeleton; grow rapidly in size when the new exoskeleton is still soft and
extensible. The shedding process is called MOULTING or ECDYSIS.
Endoskeleton: This is an internal skeleton present in all vertebrates.
Endoskeleton of vertebrates are composed mainly of bones and the bones grow
steadily as the animal grows (hence no need for moulting). Bones of many sizes
and shapes make up the endoskeleton of vertebrates. These bones are attached
together as moveable joints by tough flexible fibres called ligaments hence the
skeleton is flexible. Muscles are also attached to the bones usually by tendons to
provide posture and bring about body movement
The human skeleton

What is a skeleton ?
Do you share same
type of skeleton with
a worm?
Click me
Think pair share
1.What are the functions of the human skeleton
2. What are the two types of mammalian skeleton.
Let's summarize
the the skeletal
system .
Your teacher will
be asking you
questions after the
video
The vertebral column

It forms the backbone, protecting the spinal cord. It is made up of 5 groups of

bones called the vertebrate each of which is built on a similar basic pattern. The
vertebrate is held together with strong ligament and comprehensible cartilage
pads called into the intervertebral disc.
Lateral view of the vertebral column
A TYPICAL VERTEBRAE

A typical vertebrae has the following structural features;

● A neural canal which is for the passage of the spinal cord.
● A neural spine which projects upward and backwards for the
attachment of a muscle.
● Transverse processes for the attachment of muscles and
ligaments.
● Centrum: solid bony pieces below the neural canal Zygapophyses
are the particular surfaces for joining together of successive
vertebrates. This could be pre-zygapophysis (facing inward and
upwards) or post-zygapophysis (facing outward and downwards).
Cervical Vertebrae Function of Atlas
The first cervical vertebra is called the Permits the nodding of the head.
atlas while the second is called the
The Axis
axis.
It has a broad and flat Centrum, a large and
The Atlas flat neural spine, reduce transverse
processes and a vertebra arterial canal. It
It has a large neural canal, flat and
articulates with the atlas through odontoid
broad transverse processes, short
process
neural spine which could be absent at
times. It also has a vertebraterial canal Functions
for the passage of blood vessels. It permits the turning or twisting of the head.
Centrum is absent. Forms pivot joint with the atlas.
Thoracic Vertebra Lumbar Vertebrae

This has a long and prominent neural spine, Each has large and flat transverse
a pair of short transverse processes, a large processes, broad and flat neural spine, large
neural canal and neural arc and large and thick centrums and well-developed
cylindrical centrums. They also have zygapophyses. It has extra paired
particular surfaces for attachment of the ribs. projections namely 1. anapophysis 2.
metapophysis
Function
Functions of Lumbar
Aids attachment of ribs.
It provides attachment for abdominal
Assist in breathing and attachment of muscles It bears a considerable weight of
muscles at the shoulder and back. the body.
Sacral Vertebrae

This fuse together to form a singular bony mass called the Sacrum. Each sacral
vertebrae has a narrow neural canal, reduced neural spine and large centrums.
The first differs from the remaining four by;
1. Having a pair of transverse processes which is large and wing-like while the
others are attached to the muscles of the back.
2. Presence of a small neural canal which generally becomes narrower in the
lower four vertebrae.
FUNCTION
Joins the pelvic girdle to provide support, rigidity and strength.
Task
Find the meaning of the following terms:
1. Neural spine
2. Neural canal
3. Centrum
4. Transverse process
5. Odontoid process
6. Neural arc
JOINTS AND MUSCLES
 JOINTS
Joints are where two bones meet. They make the skeleton flexible — without them, movement would be impossible.

Joints allow our bodies to move in many ways. Some joints open and close like a hinge (such as knees and elbows), whereas others
allow for more complicated movement — a shoulder or hip joint, for example, allows for backward, forward, sideways, and rotating
movement.

Joints are classified by their range of movement:

● Immovable, or fibrous, joints don't move. The dome of the skull, for example, is made of bony plates, which move slightly
during birth and then fuse together as the skull finishes growing. Between the edges of these plates are links, or joints, of fibrous
tissue. Fibrous joints also hold the teeth in the jawbone.
● Partially movable, or cartilaginous (pronounced: kar-tuh-LAH-juh-nus), joints move a little. They are linked by cartilage, as
in the spine. Each of the vertebrae in the spine moves in relation to the one above and below it, and together these movements
give the spine its flexibility.
● Freely movable, or synovial (pronounced: sih-NO-vee-ul), joints move in many directions. The main joints of the body —
such as those found at the hip, shoulders, elbows, knees, wrists, and ankles — are freely movable. They are filled with synovial
fluid, which acts as a lubricant to help the joints move easily.
Three kinds of freely movable joints play a big part in voluntary movement:

Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, as seen in the knees and elbows.
Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion, like that of the head moving from side to side.
Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom of movement. The hips and shoulders have this type of
joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of another bone.
TASK
Draw and label a joint
MUSCLES
Muscles pull on the joints, allowing us to move. They also help the body do such things as chewing food and then moving it through the digestive system.

Even when we sit perfectly still, muscles throughout the body are constantly moving. Muscles help the heart beat, the chest rise and fall during breathing, and
blood vessels regulate the pressure and flow of blood. When we smile and talk, muscles help us communicate, and when we exercise, they help us stay
physically fit and healthy.

Humans have three different kinds of muscle:

1. Skeletal muscle is attached by cord-like tendons to bone, such as in the legs, arms, and face. Skeletal muscles are called striated (pronounced: STRY-
ay-ted) because they are made up of fibers that have horizontal stripes when viewed under a microscope.
These muscles help hold the skeleton together, give the body shape, and help it with everyday movements (known as voluntary muscles because you can
control their movement). They can contract (shorten or tighten) quickly and powerfully, but they tire easily.
2. Smooth, or involuntary, muscle is also made of fibers, but this type of muscle looks smooth, not striated. We can't consciously control our smooth
muscles; rather, they're controlled by the nervous system automatically (which is why they're also called involuntary). Examples of smooth muscles
are the walls of the stomach and intestines, which help break up food and move it through the digestive system. Smooth muscle is also found in the
walls of blood vessels, where it squeezes the stream of blood flowing through the vessels to help maintain blood pressure. Smooth muscles take
longer to contract than skeletal muscles do, but they can stay contracted for a long time because they don't tire easily.
3. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. The walls of the heart's chambers are composed almost entirely of muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle is also an
involuntary type of muscle. Its rhythmic, powerful contractions force blood out of the heart as it beats.
Home work
● Draw and label the human skeleton in your exercise book .
● Draw and label the bones of the vertebral column.
● Describe the structural features of vertebra
● Define ossification.
● What is moulting?
Thank you for listening

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