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07 01 RA41207EN60GLA0 Cell Range
07 01 RA41207EN60GLA0 Cell Range
LTE RPESS
LTE FDD Coverage Planning - Cell Range
• Deterministic
Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmitted and receiving
antenna and coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc . Those methods, generally based
on ray optical techniques, give a very accurate description of the wave propagation but require a
large computation time.
9 © Nokia 2014 - RA41207EN60GLA0
Propagation Models used in Nokia tools
• Okumura-Hata
Statistical
- The most commonly used statistical model
• Walfish-Ikegami
- Statistical model especially for urban environments
to be tuned!
• Juul-Nyholm
- Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with
different equation for predictions beyond radio
horizon (~20km)
Deterministic
• Ray-tracing
- Deterministic prediction tool for
microcellular environments
Okumura-Hata Walfisch-Ikegami
Frequency Range 150 MHz to 1.0 GHz 800 MHz to 2.0 GHz
1.5 to 2.0 GHz
Range 1 to 20 m 30 m to 6 km
Applicable to Macrocells Macrocells
R .............
69.99 150 MHz f 1500 MHz
A=
46.30 1500 MHz f 2000 MHz
hBS
44 .9 6.55 log m , d 1km
s
f hBS 1
47 .88 13 .9 log MHz 13 .82 log m log50 , d 1km
LOS NLOS
• line-of-sight loss • roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss
• mobile environment losses
d
h
w
16 © Nokia 2014 - RA41207EN60GLA0
b
Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model
•This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish-Bertoni model, prepared
especially for the typical antennas placement in 3G (below the roof top).
•The validity range:
- Frequency: 800 MHz- 2000 MHz
- BS height: 4 – 50 m (above roof-top)
- MS height: 1 – 3 m
- Distance: 0.02 – 5 km
•Path loss with LOS between MS & BS
“Manhattan grid”
model
18, hBS h
kd h h
18 15 BS , hBS h
h
4 0.7 f
925 1, Medium sized cities and suburban centres
kf
4 0.7 f 1,
925 Metropolitan centres
Rx
Tx
Tx
Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithms computer power consuming.
Digital maps with a high accuracy are required.
R
R
Subscribers Subscriber
Density Data Volume in
BH
# Coverage # Capacity
Sites Sites
Max
BH = Busy Hour
# Sites
• Outputs:
• Site count for capacity and coverage
• The final number of sites is the bigger number from capacity and coverage point of view
• The calculation could be done for each clutter type and for different phases (for example years)
24 © Nokia 2014 - RA41207EN60GLA0
The Number of Sites due to Coverage
Site Area Area Size Subscribers Traffic Model Site Capacity
Subscriber Data
Subscribers
Volume in BH
Density
# Coverage # Capacity
Sites Sites
Max
# Sites
Example:
• Planned area is 100 Km²
• Site Area is 10 Km²
• The number of sites due to coverage is 100 Km²/ 10 Km² = 10
However, almost any planning tool might be used for LTE DL coverage estimation
as propagation phenomenon is more or less technology independent. Trying to
simulate UL or even DL/UL throughput presents a bigger challenge, but certain
workarounds are feasible.
• For the pathloss use the results and the assumptions from chapter 5: LTE Link Budget
• Building Penetration Loss, Shadowing Margin & Gain Against Shadowing are considered