The document discusses the development of insect repellents from traditional methods like smoke to modern synthetic repellents. It describes some early synthetic repellents developed in the 1920s-1940s like DMP, Indalone, and Rutgers 612 which had health risks. More effective and safer active ingredients were later introduced, including DEET (N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), the most widely used repellent, as well as natural alternatives like citriodiol and synthetic options like picaridin and IR3535.
The document discusses the development of insect repellents from traditional methods like smoke to modern synthetic repellents. It describes some early synthetic repellents developed in the 1920s-1940s like DMP, Indalone, and Rutgers 612 which had health risks. More effective and safer active ingredients were later introduced, including DEET (N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), the most widely used repellent, as well as natural alternatives like citriodiol and synthetic options like picaridin and IR3535.
The document discusses the development of insect repellents from traditional methods like smoke to modern synthetic repellents. It describes some early synthetic repellents developed in the 1920s-1940s like DMP, Indalone, and Rutgers 612 which had health risks. More effective and safer active ingredients were later introduced, including DEET (N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), the most widely used repellent, as well as natural alternatives like citriodiol and synthetic options like picaridin and IR3535.
and vegetable oils are the source of its hydrocarbon chain. Saponification is the process of making soap by heating plant oils and animal fats to produce soap, water, and glycerine. In Europe, soap was considered a luxury item and it is mostly enjoyed by people who can afford it. Germany created the first synthetic detergent in the year 1918. Ernest Solvay's ammonia process lessen the cost of obtaining soda ash that increase the quantity and quality of soap manufacturing. Petrochemicals is one of the material used in preparing detergent. Potassium hydroxide is used to produce hard soap like bar soap. In producing detergent, hydrocarbon is converted into fatty alcohol that reacts with sulfur trioxide to produce a nonionic surfactant. Surfactants slows down the wetting surface that inhibits the cleaning process. Builders enhances the effectiveness of surfactant and it also reduce water hardness. Chemicals found in Insect Repellants What is insect repellant? • Insect repellants are used to repel mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and other biting insects. It protects you from mosquitoes that spread malaria, and other diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. • Insect repellent is used on your skin and clothes to keep away (repel) insects. What attracts insects? 1-OCTEN-OL • It is the chemical present in human sweat and breath and attracting biting insects like mosquitoes • Often used in combination with CO2 in mosquito traps Traditional Insect Repellants SMOKE In the Solomon Islands, a Waste plant materials fire with coconut husks Question are frequently burned and papaya leaves Write the question you want is a in Sri Lanka as a to ask yourform ofandpersonal students allot space for the answers. mosquito repellant. protection from mosquitoes. SMOKE
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Myanmar. SMOKE • Herbs are thrown in In Papua New Guinea,
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in East Africa. can repel mosquitoes.
Pyrethrum • It is a natural plant oil from two species of pyrethrum daisy. • The insecticidal component – six esters (pyrethrins) – is found in tiny oil- containing glands on the surface of the seed case in the flower head. Pyrethrum • Incorporated to mosquito coils – derived from the incense used in religious activities of Hindus and Buddhist • The powder was used by armies from Napoleon’s time to World War II to combat head and body lice. Pyrethrum • It affects the central nervous system of all types of flying and crawling insects, blocking sodium- gated nerve junctions, so that nerve impulses fail, and the insect is knocked down and then eventually dies. The Development of Modern Synthetic Insect Repellants DMP • Chemical Name: dimethyl phthalate • Patented in 1929 as a fly repellant • Significant protection against scrub chiggers • Resulted in a hot and restricted vision on head nets of troops Indalone • Chemical Name: butyl-3,3- dihydro-2,2- dimethyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-6- carboxylate • Patented in 1937 • Significant protection against scrub chiggers • Resulted in a hot and restricted vision on head nets of troops Rutgers 612 • Chemical Name: 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol • Available on 1939 • Voluntarily removed in USA and Canada markets showing low lung expansion in the offspring of an exposed mammal 6-2-2 or M-250 • Six parts DMP, two parts Indalone and two parts of Rutgers 612 • Mild developmental toxicity after cutaneous administration to pregnant rats Because of the health risk imposed by the chemicals present on the previous insect repellants and even the environmental effect of the traditional way – smoke, the industry tried their best to formulate safer insect repellants. The following are chemical compositions of the commercially-available insect repellants on the market. They are far way safer compared to those initially formulated insect repellants. Natural Insect Repellent Citriodiol • Can be extracted from lemon eucalyptus oil – from the leaves of the lemon eucalyptus tree • Natural occurring substance – para-methane- 3,8-diol known as PMD • 20%-26% PMD may be useful as 15%-20% of DEET against mosquitoes and ticks Citriodiol • Most effective botanical insect repellant • Can cause allergic skin reactions • Effective against as mosquitoes, fly, gnat repellant and also as a miticide against insects and mites Citronellol and Geraniol • Can be extracted from citronella oil – from a natural plant obtained from the species of Cymbopogon lemongrass • Natural occurring substance – 3,7- Dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol Citronellol and Geraniol • Available as lotion, oil, solid wax, and components of citronella candles and flame pots • Has a short duration of action • 4.2% of concentration provides 1 hour of mosquito and tick protection • Ineffective against Asian tiger mosquitoes, flies, fleas • Mildly irritating to the eyes and skin Synthetic Insect Repellent DEET • Chemical Name: N, N-diethyl-3- methylbenzamide also listed as N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide • Principal and most effective repellant use today • “Gold-standard” repellant DEET • It is a broad spectrum repellant that is highly effective against all mosquitoes, sand flies, black flies, chiggers, hard and soft ticks, bedbugs, and fleas. • Proven to reduce malaria in areas greatly affected • Currently available to the public in the form of liquid, lotion, spray, and impregnated materials (wrist bands) DEET • Designed to direct application to human skin to repel insects, rather than killing them • Use lower concentration (<6%) on children and not allowed to infants and pregnant women. IR-3535 or MERCK 3535 • Chemical Name: 3-(N-acetyl-N-butyl) amino propionic acid ethyl ester • Developed in 1975 by Merck • Low toxicity, irritating to the eyes and sometimes on the skin • Classified as a biopesticide, as it is a substituted B- amino acid • No recorded incidence of adverse reaction Picaridin • Chemical Name: 1-piperidine carboxylic acid-2(2- hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropyl ester • Also known as Icaridin, Bayrepel (trademark name), KBR 3023 • Developed by Bayer in 1980 • Very low toxicity Picaridin • Practically no dermal and eye irritation • Colorless, odorless, and has a pleasant feel on the skin • Evaporates slower rate than DEET (less repellant than DEET when freshly applied) • WHO designated it as a “repellant of choice for malaria prevention.”