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    1. Biological evolution refers to genetic changes in species over generations, while cultural evolution is the development of human cultures from simple to complex forms. 2. Charles Darwin introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, where traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and be passed on. 3. Fossils and artifacts provide evidence of human evolution from early hominids like Australopithecus to later species such as Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.

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    UCSPL-4-2

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    1. Biological evolution refers to genetic changes in species over generations, while cultural evolution is the development of human cultures from simple to complex forms. 2. Charles Darwin introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, where traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and be passed on. 3. Fossils and artifacts provide evidence of human evolution from early hominids like Australopithecus to later species such as Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.

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    5 views39 pages

    Ucspl 4 2

    Uploaded by

    Micah Villaluz
    1. Biological evolution refers to genetic changes in species over generations, while cultural evolution is the development of human cultures from simple to complex forms. 2. Charles Darwin introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, where traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and be passed on. 3. Fossils and artifacts provide evidence of human evolution from early hominids like Australopithecus to later species such as Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.

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    of 39

    THE HUMAN BIOLOGICAL

    EVOLUTION
    What is Biological
    evolution?
    Biological evolution
    • Refers to the changes,
    modifications, and variations in
    the genetics and inherited traits of
    biological populations from one
    generation to another.
    What is Cultural
    evolution?
    Cultural evolution
    •Refers to the changes or
    development in cultures from
    a simple form to a more
    complex form of human
    culture.
    What is Socio-
    Cultural evolution?
    Socio-cultural evolution
    Socio cultural evolution
    happens as a result of human
    adaptation to different factors
    like climatic changes and
    population increase.
    THE EVOLUTION THEORY BY CHARLES DARWIN

    The evolution theory states


    that all forms of life started
    from simple forms and
    transformed to complex ones.
    THE EVOLUTION THEORY BY CHARLES DARWIN
    It was introduced by the naturalist and
    biologist known for his theory of evolution
    and the process of natural selection –
    Charles Darwin who is called the “Father
    of Evolution” –in his published work, On
    the Origins of Species by Means of Natural
    Selection.
    Darwin introduced the
    concept of evolution to
    explain the origins of
    modern humans.
    Evolution happens
    through the process of
    natural selection.
    Natural Selection
    • Is a process through which
    certain environmentally adapted
    biological features are
    perpetuated at the expense of
    less adaptive features.
    Example of Natural Selection
    • Evolution of Giraffes long neck
    -Those giraffes w/ slightly longer
    necks has advantage over shorter neck
    fellows.
    -Those longer necks were able to
    survive to reproduce and so pass on the
    characteristics to succeeding generations.
    PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION
    1. Variation- every species is made up of
    a variety of individuals with some better
    adapted to their environments
    compared to the others.
    2. Inheritance-organisms produce
    offspring with different sets of traits that
    can be inherited.
    3. Survival of the fittest- organisms
    that have traits most suitable to their
    environment will survive and these
    variations are passed on to their
    offspring in subsequent generations.
    THE BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL
    EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUMANS
    Fossils- refer to the human, plant,
    and animal remains that have been
    preserved through time like human or
    animal teeth, skull, and bone
    fragments.
     Artifacts – refer to the objects that
    were made and used by humans.
    Example (stone tools, metal tools,
    ceramics, earthenware, burial jars,
    and ornaments)
    HOMINID
    HOMINID
    • Is the general term used by
    scientists to categorize the group
    of early humans and other
    humanlike creatures that can
    walk erect during the prehistoric
    times.
    AUSTRALOPITHECUS
    AUSTRALOPITHECUS
    • Is considered as the 1st stage of human
    evolution (PREHUMAN STAGE OF
    EVOLUTION) and the Homo as the
    last stage (HUMAN STAGE OF
    HUMAN EVOLUTION)
    Ardipithecus
    Ardipithecus means “ape on the
    ground”
    1. Small brain
    2. Biped (walked on 2 legs or feet)
    3. Lived in jungles and forests like the
    chimpanzees
    4. Skull size similar to an ape
    5. Height of about 4 feet
    • Australopithecus or “southern ape”
    1. Lived in the African jungle from 5 million to 1 million
    years ago.
    2. Brain size (1/3 size) of the size of the modern human
    brain.
    3. Upright
    4. Biped
    5. Lived in small groups
    6. Food scavengers
    7. Ate insects, eggs, plants, fruits, and sometimes meat
    8. Use sticks and stones for digging.
    AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS
    • The Australopithecus afarensis is considered as
    the common ancestor of the Australopithecus
    species.
    • The 3.2 million years old Australopithecus
    afarensis fossil named “LUCY” was considered
    as one of modern human’s earliest ancestors
    and remains as the most famous hominid fossil
    discovered.
    • Lucy was discovered in Hadar,
    Ethiopia in 1974 by
    paleoanthropologists led by Dr.
    Donald Johnson.
    HOMO HABILIS (HANDY MAN)
    HOMO HABILIS (HANDY MAN)
    • Considered as the direct ancestor of the
    modern human because of its ability to
    produce tools.

    Characteristics:
    1. Height 3-4 ft.
    2. Brain size half the size of the modern human
    3. Used tools for hunting and food gathering
    HOMO ERECTUS (UPRIGHT MAN)
    HOMO ERECTUS (UPRIGHT MAN)
    1. Brain size about 2/3 of modern human brain size.
    2. Height about 5 feet.
    3. Walks upright
    4. Known for making complex tools.
    5. Considered as skillful hunters.
    6. The 1st Homo species to use fire and to live in
    caves.
    7. 1st Homo to use spoken language
    8. 1st Homo to leave Africa
    TABON MAN
    TABON MAN
    -Used to be the oldest confirmed modern human in the
    Philippines, dating back to 16,500 years ago
    (14,000 BC).
    -In 1958 Dr. Robert Fox (1918-1985), an American
    anthropologist, and leading historian of the National
    Museum of the Philippines discovered in the Lipuun
    Point Reservation of the Tabon Caves Complex in the
    southern part of Palawan Island.
    HOMO LUZONENSIS
    HOMO LUZONENSIS
    -Excavated in 2007 in Callao Cave,
    Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley, Philippines by
    an international multidisciplinary team led by
    Dr. Armand Salvador Mijares, an
    archaeologist from the University of the
    Philippines and a National Geographic
    grantee.
    -It was named Homo Luzonensis after
    the Country’s biggest island of Luzon
    where it was recovered.
    HOMO SAPIENS (THINKING MAN)
    HOMO SAPIENS (THINKING MAN)
    Considered as modern humans
    Species where all modern humans belong to
    *Characteristics:
    1. Large brain size (almost similar to the brain of
    modern humans)
    2. Lived in shelters
    3. Food gatherers
    4. Ate plant and fruits/hunted animals
    5. Learned to gather and cook
    6. Crafted metals

     Cro-Magnon (Homo sapiens sapiens)

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