Wa0000.

THEORIES OF READING
INTERACTIVE AND
SCHEMAS
PRESENTED BY SAFIA BIBI AND NAYAB KHAN
INTERACTIVE THEORY OF READING
• The interactive theory of reading postulates that reading

combines two types of processes. The top down or reader
based and bottom up or text based approach. This theory
states that both these approaches interact to give the
reader a hypothesis or prediction about the text.
When the reader does not form an immediate prediction, he
reads more closely.
This theory also postulates that the reader eventually settles
upon an interpretation of a text using a combination of
lower level comprehension skills and a variety of higher
level comprehension skills.
In other words the interactive theory of reading claims that
readers have an automatic recognition of words and ideas
that tap into their lower level comprehension processing but
eventually bring in the logic and knowledge of the topic and
the world that tap into their higher level comprehension
processing.
This means reader must have the ability to use context clues to
understand unfamiliar words as well as back ground knowledge on
a topic in order to get the full effect of the text.The interactive
theory of reading assumes that these processes work parallel with
each other, and failure to use both processes results in the reader
not having the ability to understand the written work fully.
THE TOP DOWN METHOD
The top down method believes students gain
understanding from text as they read. It does not
specifically teach phonics but rather relies on
students making sense of letters and vacabulary
as they are exposed to text.
THE BOTTOM UP METHOD
• The bottom up method conversely , uses
phonics as the primary mode of instruction
students are only exposed to sentences,
paragraphs and larger text after they have
mastered phonics.
The interactive model combines these
two ideas into a model that uses both
phonics and experience to teach reading.
SCHEMA THEORY OF READING
• The word schema is a mental structure

that helps organize and interpret
information around us.
INTRODUCTION
• The word scheme was first time used by

Immanuel Kant and in psychology by
Barletta and he explained it as an active
organization of past reactions or experiences.
• Rumelhalt 1980 , carell1981, and
Hudson1982 uses schema in reading and
they explained the use of the background
during reading comprehension.
DEFINITION
This theory can be defined as when the
reader see a word and how they use
their prior knowledge to comprehend
and learn from text.
• According to schema theory, the text in it own
donor posses any meaning, it is the efficient
schematic process and comprehension that
makes the reader to understand and related the
text with prior knowledge.
TYPES
•Rumelhalt 1980 divided schema

into 3 types.
•Linguistic schema
•It is the previous language knowledge
of readers that includes
vacabulary,syntax or
structure ,grammar knowledge etc.
•This is imp schema and without this
we cannot comprehend the reading
text.
•2- content or material schema
• Content schema have two aspects.
• Social environment or context related to
reading materials.
• Background knowledge.
• Content schema talk about the cultural
background knowledge of the language.
• Carell 1983 said about the content schema the
background knowledge of the content area of the
text that a readers bring to a text.
FORMAL SCHEMA
• It is the knowledge of rhetorical text or the
overall art used in writing the content such as
poem,rhyme, stories etc because they have
deep meaning and we should have knowledge
to understand them.
READING COMPREHENSION
• Reading comprehension is the ability to

process information that we have read
and to understand its meaning.
LEVELS OF READING COMPREHENSION
• Literal level
• What the text says and what actually happens
in the story, it provides the foundation for
more advance comprehension.
INFERENTIAL LEVEL
• What the text means, to think and draw a

conclusion, it requires students to combine
piece of information in order to make inference
about the authors intent and message.
CRITICAL LEVEL
• We are analyzing information and applying it to
other information, draw new insights and
develop fresh ideas, deeper understanding of the
concepts, principles and implications presented
in the text.
🍁Thanks🍁

Wa0000.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wa0000.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THEORIES OF READING

• The interactive theory of reading postulates that reading

• The word schema is a mental structure

• The word scheme was first time used by

•Rumelhalt 1980 divided schema

• Reading comprehension is the ability to

• What the text means, to think and draw a

You might also like