Anam Sardar Presentation

Neuroscience
paradigm
Endocrine system
Anam Sardar
What is endocrine system
 The collection of glands that produces hormones
that control many important functions in the body,
including
 Regulating growth
 Development,
 Metabolism
 Reproduction.
Glands
Glands are such organs in our body which produce
and secrete chemical substances (hormones ).
Glands
Exocrine gland Endocrine gland

Hormones :
 Hormones are the body's chemical messengers.

 They carry information and instructions from one
set of cells to another.
 carrying messages through your blood to your
organs, skin, muscles and other tissues.
Endocrine Glands
 Your endocrine system is made up of a group of
organs, called endocrine glands.
1. Pituitary
2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
4. Adrenal
5. Pineal
6. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
7. Testes and Ovaries
Pituitary
Gland
Gland is at the base of the brain (Hypothalamus), and
is no bigger than a pea.
 The pituitary is often called the "master gland.“
 LOCATION:
 Cranial cavity and connected with hypothalamus.
 FUNCTION :
 The hormones it makes control many other
endocrine glands.
Pineal Gland
 Also called third eye
 Location
 epithalamiums in cranial cavity where two halves
brain join .
 Function :
 Secretes melatonin hormones (Sleep Hormone)
Thyroid gland
 Largest endocrine gland
 Location
 Neck (front of trachea and just below larynx)
 Function:
 Regulates body metabolism (digestive function)
Malfunctioning :
gives rise disease called goiter.
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Location:
 posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
 Function :
Regulates blood calcium level by stimulating bones

hormones .
Adrenal gland
 Location :
 Top surface of each kidney like cap .
 Function :
 Helps in stress management
 Increase blood flow
 Increase heart rate
 Oxygen consumption etc
Pancreas
 It is mixed gland which performs both endocrine and exocrine
function.
 Location :behind and slightly below the stomach
 Function :It consists clusters of cells known as islets of
langrahens .
a) Alpha cells : secrete glycogen hormone which helps in
increasing blood glucose level.
b) Beta cells :secrete insulin hormone which helps decreasing
blood glucose level.
c) Delta cell
d) Polypeptide cells
Sex glands
 Location: pelvic cavity
 Function :
 Testes secrete testosterone which helps in the
development of male sex characteristics.
 Ovaries secrets estrogen and progesterone which
helps in the development of female sex
characteristics.
The Neuroendocrine
System
Sania khan
What is Neuroendocrine System ?
 The neuroendocrine system, that is how the brain
regulates the hormonal activity in the body.
 Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology
which studies the interaction between the nervous
system and the endocrine system.
 The nervous system and endocrine system often
act together in a process called neuroendocrine
integration.
What is Neuroendocrine System ?
 The neuroendocrine system is composed of
hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
 By neuroendocrine system hypothalamus maintain
homeostasis, regulating reproduction, metabolism,
eating and drinking behavior, blood pressure and
many other function.
Components of neuroendocrine
system
 Setof neurons
 Endocrine glands
 Non endocrine target tissue
 Neurochemical, hormones and humeral signals.
Major neuroendocrine system
 Hypothalamus – pituitary – thyroid axis (HPT Axis)
 Hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis (HPA Axis)
 Hypothalamus – pituitary – gonadal axis (HPG Axis)
 Hypothalamus – prolactin axis (HP Axis)
 Hypothalamus – somatotropic axis (HS Axis)
 One of the system we will return again and again in
psychopathology is the HPA Axis.
Hypothalamus – pituitary –
adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)
 HPA Axis an intricate neuroendocrine mechanism that
mediates the effects of stressors by regulating numerous
physiological process such as metabolism immune
responses and the autonomic nervous system (ANP).
 The HPA axis as it is commonly called, describes the
interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland,
and adrenal glands.
 The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are located just
above the Brain stem, while the adrenal glands are
found on the top of the kidneys.
Function of HPA
 The HPA axis is a major neuroendocrine system

that controls reaction to stress and regulates many
body processes including
 digestion,
 the immune system,
 mood and
 emotion, sexuality.
HPA axis Process
 When people are faced with threat, the
hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing
factor (CRF), which then communicates with the
pituitary gland.
 The pituitary then releases adrenocorticotropic
hormone, which travels via the blood to the
adrenal glands.
CONT……
 The outer layers of the adrenal glands are referred

to as the adrenal cortex;
 this area promotes the release of the hormone

cortisol. Cortisol is often referred to as the stress
hormone.
 This is not a fast-moving system, like the
autonomic nervous system, to be reviewed shortly.
CONT…..
 Rather, it takes about 20 to 40 minutes for cortisol
release to peak. After the stress or threat has
remitted,
 it can take up to an hour for cortisol to return to
baseline (i.e., before the stress) levels .
Example 1
 In a series of animal studies, researchers have
shown that rats and primates that are exposed to
early trauma, such as being separated from their
mothers, show elevated activity in the HPA axis
when they are exposed to stressors later in life .
Example 2:
 There is evidence that the amygdala is overly
reactive among people with MDD, and the
amygdala send signals that Active the HPA axis.
 The HPA axis trigger the release of cortisol the
main stress hormone.
 Cortisol is secreted at times of stress and
increases activity of the immune system to help
the body prepare for threats.

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Neuroscience

Exocrine gland Endocrine gland

 Hormones are the body's chemical messengers.

Regulates blood calcium level by stimulating bones

 The HPA axis is a major neuroendocrine system

 The outer layers of the adrenal glands are referred

 this area promotes the release of the hormone

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