1st Quarter 2nd

READING AND
WRITING SKILLS
ROD MARK T. ORAYA, LPT
TEXT VS DISCOURSE
 TEXT
 It is made up of sentences.
 It came from Old French Word Textus which means the scriptures.
 A large unit of written language
 A group of ideas that have been combined together to have main idea.
 DISCOURSE
 It is the use of such sentences
 It is the conceptual generalization of communication
 Uttered talk, speech, discussion and conversation
 An extended expression of thoughts and ideas.
WHAT IS A TEXT?
 A text is generally considered as written material especially

longer pieces of writing as in a book, a letter or a newspaper.
 A group of ideas put together to make a point or one central

idea.
EXAMPLE
 It was a dark and stormy night. In her attic bedroom Margaret Murry, wrapped in an old
patchwork quilt, sat on the foot of her bed and watched the trees tossing in the frenzied
lashing of the wind.
WHAT IS A DISCOURSE?
 Text with distinct features and purpose.

 Formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic where concepts
and insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner.
 Convey meanings, propel actions and provoke a specific
response.
EXAMPLE PURPOSE
JOURNAL DIARY  TO INFORM
 NEWS ARTICLES
 ANECDOTES  TO PERSUADE
PROCEDURES
 CRITIQUES  TO ENTERTAIN
 OPINION PIECE
 RESEARCH ARTICLES
TEXT AND
DISCOURSE
TEXT DISCOURSE
 It
is made up of sentences  Itis made up of
having the property of utterances having the
grammatical cohesion property of coherence.
The TEXT refers to a written or spoken piece of
language, while DISCOURSE refers to language
in use, including the context and purpose of the
communication as well as the relationships
between speakers or writers and their audience.
WHAT MAKES A TEXT A CONNECTED
DISCOURSE?
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE
 A text is a connected discourse, which means that all

ideas in a text must be related in the sense that they
would express only one main idea, or that the text must
have unity by combining all ideas to emphasize central
idea.
GENRE VS. TEXT TYPE
GENRE TEXT
 It classifies text based on external  It classifies texts based
criteria such as activities which on similarities in
regularly occur in society. linguistic forms and
patterns.
Means type or kind
TEXTS FROM THE SAME GENRE CAN BE
CLASSIFIED UNDER DIFFERENT TEXT TYPES
GENRE TEXT
 Business Letter  Expository
 News  Procedure
 Film Critique  Recount

 Review
 Product Procedure
 Descriptive
 Comparison-Contrast
WHAT IS READING?
 READING is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text. It

is always an interaction between the text and the reader.
 We read to gain and share information and ideas, whether for academic, personal or
professional purposes.
READING AS A PROCESS
 Reading is an activity which takes on stages or levels. According to Woods ( 2006), it has
(3) stages:
PRE DURING POST

AM I AN EFFECTIVE READER?
HOW TO BE ONE?
STRATEGIES TO BE AN EFFECTIVE READER?
 PREVIEWING
 Review Titles, Section Headings, and Photo Captions.
 To get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection.
 PREDICTING
 Use knowledge about the subject matter, author and text type and purpose.
STRATEGIES TO BE AN EFFECTIVE READER?
 Overviewing
 To look at chapters or sections
 Surveying
 To give a rundown from
 Guessing from Context
 Use background knowledge of the subject and ideas in the text
 Paraphrasing
 Stop at the end of the section to check comprehension by restating the information and ideas in the text.
TECHNIQUES IN READING
 SKIMMING
 This is a strategy used to get only the main ideas of a written text in order to know what
the material is all about. There are (3) styles for this.
 Previewing. This involves giving the material a general look in order to know what the
material contains.
 Overviewing. This makes use of taking a look at the title, chapter or heading.
 SCANNING
 This is used to search only for specific information needed.
 SQ3R
 SQ3R is an excellent technique to use with textbooks that provide
a lot of information and require you to learn the material in depth.
 PREVIEWING
 It is a skill wherein a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she
finds relevant.
 BROWSING
 It is inspecting unhurriedly the table of contents, introduction or summary. It is also a
previewing technique.
 COMPREHENSIVE
 This technique requires processing of the text for full

understanding of the material.
 CRITICAL
 It is a technique which involves an analysis of the claims
presented in a text.
 LITERAL READING
 It involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the
material.
 SUMMARIZING
 It is a technique that involves condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage which
is usually 15 to 30 percent of the source material while retaining its essence. It is
important that the thesis statement or the topic sentence is included in the summary.
Major details may also be mentioned but they are not required. A citation of the
original source is always necessary.
 By practicing effective summarizing, you can improve your studying, writing and
reading skills. The following are some strategies in summarizing.
 Annotate or add notes to the original text to highlight important ideas. However,
avoid putting personal comments.
 If you are summarizing a text with multiple paragraphs, get the main idea
TYPES OF READING ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
 DEVELOPMENTAL READING
 It is a type of reading which aims to develop the readers’ reading skills.
 Ryan reads a long text to improve his reading comprehension skills.
 PLEASURE READING
 It is a more massive type of reading that primarily aims to provide enjoyment and
entertainment.
 Karen reads her favorite book, To Kill a Mockingbird, to relax after a long day.
TYPES OF READING ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
 FUNCTIONAL READING
 It is a type of reading designed to help readers learn basic functional reading,

such as reading school forms and instructions.
Felipe reads a college application form to understand how to fill it out.
 REMEDIAL READING
 It is a type of reading which aims to correct the effects of poor teaching and
poor learning.

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1st Quarter 2nd

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READING AND

 A text is generally considered as written material especially

 A group of ideas put together to make a point or one central

 Text with distinct features and purpose.

 A text is a connected discourse, which means that all

 Film Critique  Recount

 READING is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text. It

PRE DURING POST

 This technique requires processing of the text for full

 It is a type of reading designed to help readers learn basic functional reading,

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