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  • Cerebro Vascular Accident

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    Cerebrovascular accident, also known as stroke, occurs when blood flow to the brain is impaired, causing brain cells to die. The majority of strokes are ischemic, due to blockage of an artery in the brain, while the others are hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, hypertension, heart disease, smoking, obesity, and drug abuse. Symptoms depend on the affected area of the brain and may include paralysis, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and cognitive and emotional issues. Treatment involves managing risk factors, medications to prevent clots, and sometimes surgery to clear blockages.

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    Cerebrovascular accident, also known as stroke, occurs when blood flow to the brain is impaired, causing brain cells to die. The majority of strokes are ischemic, due to blockage of an artery in the brain, while the others are hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, hypertension, heart disease, smoking, obesity, and drug abuse. Symptoms depend on the affected area of the brain and may include paralysis, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and cognitive and emotional issues. Treatment involves managing risk factors, medications to prevent clots, and sometimes surgery to clear blockages.

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    13 views19 pages

    Cerebro Vascular Accident

    Uploaded by

    anshita
    Cerebrovascular accident, also known as stroke, occurs when blood flow to the brain is impaired, causing brain cells to die. The majority of strokes are ischemic, due to blockage of an artery in the brain, while the others are hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, hypertension, heart disease, smoking, obesity, and drug abuse. Symptoms depend on the affected area of the brain and may include paralysis, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and cognitive and emotional issues. Treatment involves managing risk factors, medications to prevent clots, and sometimes surgery to clear blockages.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 19

    CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT

    INTRODUCTION

     Cerebro vascular accident is a sudden death of some brain


    cells due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the
    brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery to
    the brain.
     Cerebro vascular accident is also know as “ stroke” or “
    brain attack”.
    DEFINITION

    According to WHO(1970)

    Stroke or Cerebro vascular accident is rapidly developed


    clinical signs focal or global disturbance of cerebral function
    lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with no
    apparent cause other than of vascular origin.
    ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS

    ETIOLOGY
    Etiological factors can be classified into:

     ISCHEMIC STROKE
     HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
    ISCHEMIC STROKE

    About 80% of stroke are ischemic stroke. QIT occurs when


    the arteries to your brain becomes narrowed or blocked
    causing severely reduced blood flow. The most common
    ischemic stroke include:
     THROMBOTIC STROKE- A thrombotic stroke occurs from
    the injury to a blood vessel wall and formation of blood
    clot.
     Thrombosis develops readily where atherosclerosis plaques
    have already narrowed blood vessels.
    • EMBOLIC STROKE

    Embolic stroke occurs when an embolus lodges in and


    occludes a cerebral artery, resulting in infraction and
    edema of the area supplied by the involved vessel.
    HEMORRHAGIC STROKE

    Amounts for approx 15% of all strokes and results from


    bleeding into the brain tissue itself or into the subarachnoid
    space or ventricles. The most common type are:
     INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE: Is bleeding within the
    brain caused by a rupture of a vessel.
     Hypertension is the most important cause of intracerebral
    hemorrhage.
    RISK FACTORS

    Strokes risk increase with multiple risk factors:


     NON MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
    1. Age
    2. Gender
    3. Race
    4. Family history/ hereditary
     NON MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS: Risks that can potentially be altered through
    lifestyle and medical treatment which include-
    1. Hypertension
    2. Heart disease
    3. Smoking
    4. Excessive alcohol consumption
    5. Obesity
    6. Poor diet
    7. Drug abuse
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    1. Accumulation of lipids and inflammatory cells in intima of affected artery.


    2. Carotid atherosclerosis.
    3. Hypertrophy of arterial smooth muscle.
    4. Plaque formation
    5. Plaque rupture
    6. Embolus
    7. Arterial occlusion
    8. Reduced blood flow
    9. Ischemia
    10. Cell necrosis.
    CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
    A stroke can have effect on many body functions including:
     MOTOR FUNCTIONS
    1. Mobility
    2. Respiratory functions
    3. Swallowing and speech problems
    4. Self care deficit

     COMMUNICATION
    1. Aphasia (a language disorder that affects ability to communicate.
    2. Dysphagia( Impairment in the production of speech).
     AFFECT: Emotional response may be exaggerated or
    unpredictable.
     INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS: Both memory and judgement
    maybe impaired.
     ELIMINATION: Most problems with urinary and bowel
    elimination occur initially and are temporary.
    DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

     Physical examination
     Blood tests
     CT scan
     MRI
     Carotid ultrasound
    MANAGEMENT
     MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
    1. Antiplatelet drug- Asprin 81-325 mg/day
    2. Oral anticoagulant- Warfarin
     SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
    1. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
     Transluminal angioplasty
     Stenting
     Extra cranial – intracranial bypass
    NURSING MANAGEMENT
     Pain related to increased intracranial pressure as evidenced by
    patient verbalisation.
     Hyperthermia related to disease condition as evidenced by raised
    body temperature.
     Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to less
    intake of food as evidenced by weight loss .
     Disturbed sleep pattern related to hospitalisation as evidenced by
    patient verbalisation.
    COMPLICATION

     Paralysis or loss of muscle movement.


     Difficulty talking and swallowing
     Memory loss
     Emotional problems
     Behaviour changes.

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