Effective

Communication
Professor Ian Jarabelo
[email protected]
 Definition of Communication

Communication- comes from the latin word “Communis” which means

“shared understanding”.

Verbal Communication- the interaction between people.

- It is one way for people to communicate face-to-face or online using
sounds and words.
Non-verbal Communication- is the communication between people using
body language or sign language.
 Body Language is the way the body communicates by its physical
movements. It specifically looks for inner states of emotion as expressed
through different parts of the body and their physical movements. It includes
the following subparts: facial expression, eye contact, posture, gestures,
body shape, smell and touch, and silence.

 Sign Language is the most basic element of communication. A sign is a

symbol. A symbol is something that stands for something else. Everything in
our world that we can visualize or sense has symbolic meaning and can be
used in communication.
 Paralanguage is the closest to the actual communication. ―Para means like;
thus paralanguage literally means like language. This like language is where
we use our voice in uttering words. It is everything other than words
intonation, pitch, regional accent, sarcasm, hesitations, truthfulness, emotions,
etc.

 Pitch variation refers to how high or low your vocal tones are.
 Volume refers to the loudness of the voice.
 Speed and pause refers to the speaker‘s use of normal pace.
 Stress on words refers to the emphasis of different key words in a sentence
you can purposely indicate your feelings about what is important.
 Here are some things which will make you an effective
communicator:
 Remember to become aware of what you are saying.
 Apply the same process you use in written communication when you are
communicating orally.
 Before you speak, think about your purpose, your main idea, and your
audience.
 Organize your thoughts in logical way.
 Decide on a style that suits the occasion and edit your remarks mentally.
 As you speak, watch other person to see whether your message is making
the desired impression. If not, revise it and try again.
 Components of communication
 Sender. In a speech communication process, everything starts with the speaker
or the source of the message. In a public speaking- setting, the speaker typically
presents his or her speech without any interruptions. The source is the bearer of
the message to the audience. The success of a speech mainly depends on the
source.

 Message. The message is the information being communication by a source to

an audience. In public speaking, the ultimate objective of the speaker is to send
the message to the listeners as intended. It is always a challenge for the speaker
as to how he or she could deliver the actual message to the audience.
 Encoding. The communicator of the information organizes his idea into
series of symbols (words, signs, etc.) which, he/she feels will communicate
to the intended receiver(s).

 Medium or Channel. The sender has to select the channel for sending the
information. Communication channel is the media through which the
message passes. It is the link that connects the sender and the receiver.

 Receiver. The receiver is the person who receives the communicated

information of the source. In public speaking, it is understood that a
speaker speaks in front of many listeners. Hence, the receivers‗ frame of
reference is something that the source should always take into
consideration of when making his or her speech.
 Decoding. It is the process of interpretation of an encoded message into
understandable meaning. It helps the receiver to drive the meaning from the
message.

 Feedback. It is understood that not all listeners will just automatically

absorb the message being communicated by the speaker. The receiver‘s
message or reaction after hearing the speaker‘s speech is called response or
feedback.

 Noise. It refers to any signals that may interfere with the message being
carried. This again would depend on the method of communication. The
receiver is the instrument or the person on the other side that receives the
message.
NOTE:
The transmission of sender’s ideas to the receiver and the
receiver’s feedback or reaction to the sender constitute the
communication cycle.
 Basic models of communication

1. Linear Model of Communication

 Linear model
- The linear communication model explains the process of one-way communication,
whereby a sender transmits a message and a receiver absorbs it.
 The linear communication model is easy to remember if you think about it in terms
of a line. A line is straight, typically with a starting point and ending point. In this
linear communication model, the communication being put out happens in a straight
line, coming from a sender to a receiver. In this model, each component plays its own
role:
 The sender prepares the message
 The message is the information being conveyed
 The message is encoded, or converted, to fit the channel being used
 Various channels (email, radio, television, etc.) deliver the message
 The receiver decodes and reviews the message
2. Transactional Model
Transactional Model
 This model tells that effective or meaningful communication happens when
both sender and receiver communicate on the shared experience.
 Transactional Model of Communication This model tells you that
effective or meaningful communication happens when both sender and
receiver communicate on their shared experience, that is, the sender encodes
a message using signals that are meaningful to the receiver because he/she
can relate them to his/her own field of experience. Communication
originates from the overlapping areas of the two fields of experience.
3. Interactional Communication
 Interactional Model of Communication. This model was introduced in 1948 by
Claude Shannon. This model can be considered as granddaddy of many later
communication models. The figure clearly illustrates how communication takes
place, and also helps determine what could go wrong.
 In Shannon’s model, the information source typically refers to a person, who
then sends a message with the use of a transmitter. This transmitter could be any
instrument today, from phones to computers and other devices. The signals that are
sent and received vary depending on the method of communication.
 Levels of communication
 Intrapersonal Communication. It is a type of communication wherein one‘s
self is the center of the communication process – the source and receiver of the
message. It involves mental processes for the purpose of information processing
and decision making.

 Interpersonal Communication. It is a type of communication that transpires

between two people, but it may involve more than two. Both partakers in the
communication process function as the sender and the receiver.
 Group Communication. It involves a small number of people gathered
together to discuss important matters such as making a decision over a
serious matter. This type of communication only involves fewer
participants for the reason that each participant should be able to interact
with each other.

 Public Communication. In this type of communication, the speaker

usually conveys a structured message to the audience. In public
communication, the same channel as in interpersonal or group
communication is used. It involves a larger number of people compared to
group communication.
 Mass Communication. It is a type of communication wherein a large
portion of the public or a community is involved. The message is usually
disseminated through the use of the different mediums in mass
communication such as radio, television, print, or even the internet
 Ethics of Communication
 Communication ethics is defined as a type of communication that is
concerned with certain values relating to human conduct which include
being truthful, accurate, responsible and ethical not just with the verbal and
non-verbal words but including their resulting actions.
 The ethics of communication is focused on the ethical responsibilities of
individuals such as the obligation to speak truthfully, and seeks to reflect on
how these carry over into the complex circumstances that arise with the
development of communications science and technology.
Various characteristics of communication are essential to
uphold the integrity of communication such as to:

 advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty;

 recommend freedom of expression, diversity of perspectives, tolerance of
dissent;
 endorse respect for other communicators; and
 condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity
In the pursuit of ethical communication, communication itself has its
basic goals which include:
 To seek understanding. The message should be fully understood by
the receiver. The message transmitted by the sender should be exactly
received by the receiver.

 To elicit response. The receiver of the message provides feedback or

shows an action to be undertaken for the message.

 To establish goodwill. You must establish good relationship with

other individuals in organizations. This will create mutual
understanding, respect, trust, cooperation, and collaboration not only
at present but also for future endeavors.
 Ethical Communication in the Digital World

 Communicating online is one of the guaranteed freedoms under a

democratic society. In spite of this Constitutional freedom to express oneself
either online and offline, freedom of speech is still not absolute.
 There are laws in the Philippines which punish libelous offenses whether it
is committed online or offline. It is certain that one can use social media as
their means of communication, but the concept of ethical communication
must not be ignored.
Here are some tips on how to be ethical online:
 Always consider what you want your social media accounts say about you
 Keep your personal and professional identities separate
 Always check your social media‘s security settings
 Communicate positively, not negatively
 Always check the validity of news stories or any information before
sharing or commenting on it
 Avoid using social media to complain or vent frustrations
 Avoid connecting with people that you do not personally know
 Help report disinformation or fake new stories
 Always think before you click
THANK YOU