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    5.Properties of Solutions

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    5.properties of Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Ellysa Jade Velasco

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 41

    Physical Properties of

    Solutions

    FBRGallardo
    Matter Flowchart

    MATTER
    yes no
    Can it be physically
    separated?

    MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

    yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no


    uniform? decomposed?

    Homogeneous Heterogeneous
    Mixture Mixture Compound Element
    (solution)

    Colloids Suspensions
    Objective
    Use different ways of
    expressing concentration of
    solutions:
    1.percent by mass,
    2.mole fraction,
    3.molarity,
    4.molality,
    5.percent by volume,
    6.percent by mass, ppm
    Mixtures

    • Combination of 2 or more pure


    substances.

    Heterogeneous Homogeneous
    Not uniform throughout Uniform throughout
    SOLUTIONS

    • Solutions are homogeneous


    mixtures of two or more
    substances in which the
    components are present as
    atoms, molecules, or ions.

    Particles in liquid solutions are:


    too small to reflect light, thus solutions are
    transparent (clear); in constant motion; and
    not settled by the influence of gravity.
    Some solutions are colored.
    Solutions

    The substance present in largest quantity


    usually is called the solvent. The
    solvent can be either a liquid or a solid.
    The substance that is present in smallest
    quantity is said to be dissolved and is
    called the solute. The solute can be
    either a gas, a liquid, or a solid.
    A solution may contain more than one
    solute.
    A good rule of thumb for solubility is
    “like dissolves like.”

    •Polar solvents dissolve polar or


    ionic solutes.

    •Nonpolar solvents dissolve


    nonpolar or nonionic solutes.
    SOLUBLE vs. INSOLUBLE

    • SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE
    – This is a term used to describe a
    substance that dissolves to a significant
    extent in a solvent without stating how
    much actually will dissolve.
    • INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCE
    – This is a term used to describe a
    substance that does not dissolve to a
    significant extent in a solvent.
    Sugar has limited solubility in water
    IMMISCIBLE

    • This is a term used to describe liquids that


    are not soluble in each other. The liquids
    don't mix together to form a solution.
    A solution can be qualitatively
    described as

    •Dilute: a solution that contains a small


    proportion of solute relative to solvent, or

    •Concentrated: a solution that contains a


    large proportion of solute relative to
    solvent.
    A saturated solution contains the maximum
    amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given
    solvent at a specific temperature.
    An unsaturated solution contains less
    solute than the solvent has the capacity to
    dissolve at a specific temperature.

    A supersaturated solution contains more


    solute than is present in a saturated solution
    at a specific temperature.
    IPC-Solutions-Borders
    • Effervescence – rapid escape of gas
    dissolved in liquid
    Solution Concentrations

    • Solution concentrations
    express a quantitative
    relationship about the
    amount of solute
    contained in a specific
    amount of solution.
    There are a number of ways to express
    the relative amounts of solute and
    solvent in a solution. It is sometimes
    easier to measure the volume of a
    solution rather than the mass of the
    solution.
    Percent Concentrations

    • Percent concentrations express the


    amount of solute contained in 100
    parts of solution. The parts of
    solution may be expressed in different
    units.
    part
    %  100
    total
    Percent mass

    • Mass/Mass percent, abbreviated %(m/m), is a


    concentration that expresses the mass of solute
    contained in 100 mass units of solution. Any
    mass units may be used, but the mass of solute
    and solution must be in the same units.

    mass solute (g)


    % mass = ---------------------- x 100
    mass solution (g)
    Let’s try this!

    Example 1: Find the percent by mass in


    which 41.0 g of NaCl is dissolved in
    331.0 grams of water.
    The total mass of solution is the mass of
    NaCl (41.0 g) and the mass of water
    (331.0 g)
    41 g x 100 = 11.0%
    372 g
    Another one!

    • Example 2: Calculate the %(w/w) of a


    solution prepared by dissolving 15.0
    grams of table sugar in 100 mL of water.
    The density of the water is 1.00 g/mL.
    Solution: The mass of the water used is
    100 grams because according to the
    density each mL has a mass of 1.00
    grams. The mass of solution is equal to
    the mass of water plus the mass of the
    sugar solute or 100 + 15.0 = 115 grams.
    MOLARITY

    • The molarity of a solution expresses the


    number of moles of solute contained in one
    liter of solution.
    moles of solute
    M
    liters of solution

    • In this equation, the number of moles of


    solute in a sample of solution is divided by
    the volume in liters of the same sample of
    solution.
    Try solving this:

    • Example 1: A 250-mL sample of solution


    contains 0.134 moles of solute. Calculate the
    molarity of the solution.
    • Solution: The solution sample volume in liters
    is 0.250 L. The number of moles of solute in
    the sample is 0.134 mol. These two quantities
    are substituted into the equation given earlier:

    moles of solute 0.134 mole mole


    M   0.536
    liters of solution 0.250 L liter
    Another try!

    • Example 2: 9.45 g of methyl


    alcohol, CH3OH, was dissolved in
    enough pure water to give 500 mL
    of solution. What was the molarity
    of the solution?
    Solution: The solution volume was 500 mL
    or 0.500L. The amount of solute was given
    in grams, but needs to be expressed in
    moles. The molecular weight of methyl
    alcohol is 32.0 u, so 1 mol = 32.0 g. This
    fact can be used to convert the mass of
    methyl alcohol into moles:
    1 mole alcohol
    9.45 g alcohol   0.295 mole alcohol
    32.0 g alcohol
    The number of moles of alcohol and the
    number of liters of solution can now be
    substituted into the equation for molarity:

    moles of solute 0.295 mole mole


    M   0.590
    liters of solution 0.500 L liter
    Molality
    Molality, m, tells us the number of moles of
    solute dissolved in exactly one kilogram of
    solvent.
    To calculate molality we use the equation:
    A sulfuric acid solution containing
    571.4 g of H2SO4 per liter of solution
    has a density of 1.329 g/cm3. Calculate
    the molality of H2SO4 in this solution
    Solution:
    1 L of solution = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
    1.329 g/cm3 times 1000 cm3 = 1329 g (the
    mass of the entire solution)
    1329 g minus 571.4 g = 757.6 g = 0.7576 kg
    (the mass of water in the solution)
    571.4 g / 98.0768 g/mol = 5.826 mol of H2SO4
    5.826 mol / 0.7576 kg = 7.690 m
    Mole Fraction
    The mole fraction, X, of a component in a
    solution is the ratio of the number of moles of
    that component to the total number of moles of
    all components in the solution.

    To calculate the mole fraction of B, XB, use:


    Calculate the mole fraction of HCl in a solution
    of hydrochloric acid in water, containing 36%
    HCl by weight.
    Solution:
    The solution contains 36 grams of
    Hydrochloric acid and 64 grams of water. Also,
    Molecular mass of HCl is 36.5 grams/mole.
    Molar mass of water is 18 grams/mole.
    Moles of HCl = 36grams of HCl x
    1 mole of HCl36.5 grams of HCl
    = 0.99 m ole of HCl.
    Moles of water = 64grams of H2O x
    1 mole of H2O18 grams of H2O
    = 3.6 moles of H2O.
    Mole fraction of HCl =
    Moles of HClMoles of HCl+Moles of water
    = 0.9936+0.99 = 0.22
    Mole fraction of Hydrochloric acid in the given
    solution is 0.22.
    Percent volume

    Volume/Volume percent, abbreviated %


    (v/v), is a concentration that expresses the
    volume of solute contained in 100 volume
    units of solution. Any volume units may be
    used, but the volume of solute and
    solution must be in the same units.
    volume solute (g)
    % volume = ----------------------------- x 100
    volume solution (g)
    Let’s solve this one…

    Example 3:
    What is the percent by volume concentration
    of a solution in which 75.0 ml of ethanol is
    diluted to a volume of 250.0 ml?

    75.0 ml x 100 = 30.0%


    250.0 ml
    Another try…

    Example 4:
    What volume of acetic acid is present in a
    bottle containing 350.0 ml of a solution
    which measures 5.00% concentration?

    x = 0.05
    350.0
    x = 17.5 ml
    How about this?

    Example 5: A solution is made by


    dissolving 250 mL of glycerin in
    enough water to give 1.50 L of
    solution. Calculate the %(v/v) of
    the resulting solution.
    Solution: The data give the solute volume
    and solution volume in different units.
    They must be the same. Either quantity
    could be changed, but the solute volume
    will be expressed in liters as 0.250 L.

    0.250 L
    %( v / v)   100  16.7%
    1.50 L
    Mass/Volume Percent

    • mass/volume percent, abbreviated %(m/v),


    is a concentration that expresses the number
    of grams of solute contained in 100 mL of
    solution. The solute mass must be
    expressed in grams, and the amount of
    solution must be expressed in mL.

    grams of solute
    %( w / v)   100
    mL of solution
    Try solving this one…

    • Example 6: Calculate the %(m/v) of a


    solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 grams of
    sodium chloride in enough water to give 50.0
    mL of solution.
    • Solution: The data are given in units that
    may be put directly into the equation. The
    calculation is:
    8.95 g
    %( w / v)   100  17.9%
    50.0 mL
    SOLUTION PREPARATION

    • Solutions of known concentration are


    usually prepared in one of two ways.
    • In one method, the necessary quantity of
    pure solute is measured using a balance
    or volumetric equipment. The solute is
    put into a container and solvent, usually
    water, is added until the desired volume
    of solution is obtained.
    Let’s try this problem…

    • How many grams of NaCl would you need


    to prepare 200.0 mL of a 5 M solution?

    g = M x L x molar mass
    g = (5mol/L) (0.2L) (58.44g/mol)
    g = 58.44 g

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