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    Mechanism of Evolution

    Uploaded by

    k15014998

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 26

    Evolution: mechanisms that

    produce change in
    population
    Nadine Apawan
    What is Evolution?
    Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have
    descended from ancient ancestors. Evolution is
    responsible for both the remarkable similarities we see
    across all life and the amazing diversity of that life. It is the
    net change in organisms or a population over the span of
    many generations — but exactly how does it work? Here,
    we’ll find out.
    How does Evolution work?
    Evolution involves changes in heritable information
    passed from one generation to the next, including gene
    frequency, DNA non-coding changes, and non-coding
    information. These modifications are heritable and can be
    passed on to the next generation, making them crucial in
    long-term change.
    Mechanisms of Evolution
    • Mutation
    • Gene Flow
    • Genetic Drift
    • Natural Selection
    Mutation
    Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations are
    heritable alterations that cause new species to emerge. A
    mutant is the first person to exhibit signs of
    transformation. It is a pure breeder that passes on its
    mutation to its offspring, resulting in the birth of a new
    species. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell
    division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-
    damaging agents in the environment.
    Mutation
    .
    The causes of mutations
    1. DNA spontaneously breaks down or is not copied accurately
    Most of the mutations that we think matter to evolution are “naturally
    occurring.” For example, when a cell divides, it makes a copy of its DNA — and
    sometimes the copy is not quite perfect. That small difference from the original
    DNA sequence is a mutation. Spontaneous breakdown of DNA can also cause
    mutations.

    2. External influences can cause mutations


    Mutations can also be caused by exposure to specific chemicals or radiation
    that cause the DNA to break down. Cells do have mechanisms to repair
    damaged or altered DNA molecules, but they aren’t perfect. Whatever the
    cause, mutations occur any time a cell ends up carrying a DNA sequence
    slightly different than the original.
    Gene Flow
    Gene flow is the movement of alleles into or out of
    populations—it also influences allele frequency. If
    individuals in a large population interbreed with one
    another, members of that population will be fairly similar
    to one another in form, physiology, and behavior.
    Individuals might also migrate from one population to
    another within their species, introducing different alleles
    to their new population or decreasing the frequency of
    certain alleles in the population they migrated from.
    Gene Flow
    .
    Genetic Drift
    Genetic drift occurs when the frequency of a particular
    allele changes randomly. It has a greater effect on smaller
    populations, and, in response to a population bottleneck—
    an event that drastically decreases a population’s size—
    some alleles can be lost entirely.
    Genetic Drift
    .
    Natural Selection
    Natural selection occurs when one allele (or combination
    of alleles of different genes) makes an organism more or
    less fit, that is, able to survive and reproduce in a given
    environment. If an allele reduces fitness, its frequency will
    tend to drop from one generation to the next.
    Natural Selection
    .
    ACTIVITY! .
    5pts each. .
    UTAOINMT .
    UTAOINMT
    - MUTATION
    UONIVTLOE .
    UONIVTLOE
    - EVOLUTION
    EENG OLFW .
    EENG OLFW
    - GENE FLOW
    IGCETEN FTIDR
    .
    IGCETEN FTIDR
    - GENETIC DRIFT
    AULNRAT
    ECLEONTSI .
    AULNRAT
    ECLEONTSI
    - NATURAL SELECTION

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