Human Behavior 2 2

Human Behavior and
Coping/Defense
Mechanism
Prepared by: MATS
What is emotion?
• Refers to feelings affective responses as a
result of physiological arousal, thoughts and
beliefs, subjective evaluation and bodily
expression.
• It characterized by facial expression, gestures,
postures and subjective feelings.
Emotion
• The word emotion comes from the Latin
word “emovere” meaning to move out or
“stir up”. To “move out” conveys the idea
of an outward expression of something
inside.
• Refers to a generalized disturbance or
timing up of the organism whom
characteristic conscious, behavioral and
physiological manifestation.
Classification of Emotion
• 1. According to the feeling they
create
• A. Pleasant – happiness, joy, love,
affection, excitement.
• B. Unpleasant – worry, distress,
anxiety, sorrow, grief, guilt,
disgust,.
• 2. According to their origin
• A. Basic – love, fear, anger or rage
• B. Derived – affection, pleasure, joy
and happiness are derived from love;
guilt, worry, shame and anxiety are
derived from fear, hate, envy, jealousy
and hostility are derived from anger.
• 3. According to their intensity
• A. Intense – grief, anger,
jealousy and fear
• B. Mild – affection, sadness,
worry, disappointment
• 4. According to their effect
• A. Positive – it makes a person
happy, satisfied and fulfilled
• B. Negative – it affects the person
adversely by making him hostile,
aggressive and repulsive
Theories of Emotions
• 1. James-Lange Theory by Willam
James and Carl Lange
- states that triggered by stimuli in the
environment: emotions occurs after
physiological reactions.
- This theory and its derivatives states
that a changed situation leads to a
changed bodily state.
• 2. Canon-Bard Theory by Philip Bard
and Walter Cannon
• This suggest that people feel
emotions first ad then act upon
them.
• This theory that emotion and
physiological reactions occur
simultaneoulsy.
• 3. Two Factor Theory by Schachter &
Singer
• In which they posited that emotion is
the cognitive interpretation of a
physiological response.
• Most people consider this to be the
“common sense” theory
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
• El is the area of cognitive ability that
facilitates interpersonal behavior.
• EI as a person’s ability to manage his
feelings so that those feelings are
expressed appropriately and
effectively.
Five Components of Emotional
Intelligence by Goleman
• 1. Self-awareness - A person has a healthy
sense of emotional intelligence self-
awareness if they understand their own
strengths and weaknesses, as well as how
their actions affected others.
• 2. Self-regulation – A person with a high
emotional intelligence has the ability to
exercise restraint and control when
expressing their emotions.
Five Components of Emotional
Intelligence by Goleman
• 3. Motivation – People with high emotional
intelligence are self-motivated, resilient and driven
by an inner ambition rather than being influenced by
outside forces, such as money or prestige.
• 4. Empathy – person has compassion and is able to
connect with other people on an emotional level,
helping them respond genuinely to other people’s
concerns.
• 5. Social Skills – people who are emotionally
intelligent are able to build trust with other people,
and are able to quickly gain respect from the people
they meet.
Segment 2: Conflict
• Conflict is a stressful condition that occurs
when a person must choose between
incompatible or contradictory alternatives.
• Conflict is the state in which two or more

motives cannot be satisfied because they
interfere with one another.
TYPES OF CONFLICT
• 1. Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict)
• Psychological conflict could be going on

inside the person and no one would
know.
• Freud would say unconscious id battling
superego and further claimed that or
personalities are always in conflict.
2. Social Conflict
• A. Interpersonal Conflict
• B. Two individuals me against you
• C. Inter-group Struggles
• D. Individual Opposing a Group
• Intra-group Conflict
3. Approach-Avoidance
• Approach speaks to things that we

want while Avoidance refers to things
that we do not want.
Kinds of Approach-Avoidance
• A. Approach-Approach Conflict
• The individual must choose between
two positive goals of approximately
equal value. In this, two pleasing
things are wanted but only one
option should be chosen.
• B. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
• Involves more obvious sources of
stress
• The individual must choose
between two or more negative
outcomes.
• C. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• It exists when there is an attractive and
unattractive part to both sides.
• It arises when obtaining a positive goal
necessitates a negative outcome as well.
• D. Multiple-Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• This refers to conflict with complex
combinations of approach and avoidance
conflicts.
• It requires individual to choose between
alternatives that contain both positive and
negative consequences.
Segment 3. Depression
• Is an illness that causes a person to feel sad
and hopeless much of time.
• It is different from normal feelings of sadness,
grief, or low energy.
• You can have depression one time or may
times.
Different Forms of Depression
• 1. Major Depressive Disorder (Major
Depression)
• It characterized by a combination of
symptoms that interfere with a person’s
ability.
• Major depression is disabling and prevents
a person from functioning normally.
• 2. Dysthymic Disorder (Dysthymia)
• Generally, this type of depression is

described as having persistent but less
severe depressive symptoms than
Major Depression.
• 3. Psychotic Depression
• This occurs when a severe depressive

illness is accompanied by some form
of psychosis.
• 4. Postpartum Depression
• This a major depressive episode that
occurs having a baby.
• It is estimated that 10 to 15 percent of
women experience postpartum
depression after giving birth.
• A women may have a severe form of
depression called postpartum
psychosis.
• 5. Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive
illness)
• Bipolar disorder is characterized by a

cyclical mood changes from extreme
highs to extreme lows
• 6. Endogenous Depression
• Endogenous means within the body.

• This type of depression is defined as feeling
depressed for no apparent reason.
Segment 4. Stress
• Refers to the consequences of the failure of
an organism-human or animal – to respond
appropriately to emotional or physical
threats, whether actual or imagined.
• Stress can thought of as many event that
strains or exceeds an individual’s ability to
cope.
What is Stressor?
• Stressor is anything (physical or

psychological) that produces stress
(negative or positive).
Two Types of Stress
• 1. Eustress (Positive)
• Greek eu meaning either well or good.
When attach to the word stress means
good stress.
• It is a stress that is healthy or gives one a
feeling of fulfillment or other positive
feeling.
• Eustress is a process of exploring potential
gains
Two Types of Stress
• 2. Distress (Negative)
• Persistent stress that is not resolved
through coping or adaptation, deemed
distress, may lead to anxiety or withdrawal
(depression) behavior. Effects of distress:
• Anxiety and fear
• Accidents
• Self-defeating behavior
• Transitional suicidal behavior
• Dangerous action
Three Stages of Stress (GAS)
• 1. ALARM
• When the threat or stressor is
identified or realized, the body’s
stress response is a state of alarm.
• During this stage adrenaline will be
produced in order to bring about the
fight-or-flight response.
• 2. RESISTANCE
• If the stressor persists, it becomes
necessary to attemp some means of coping
with the stress.
• Although the body begins to try to adapt to
the strains or demands of the environment,
the body cannot keep this up indefinitely,
so its resources are gradually depleted.
• 3. Exhaustion
• Final stage in the GAS model.
At this point, all body’s resources are
eventually depleted and the body is
unable to maintain normal function.
• The initial autonomic nervous system
symptoms may reappear sweating,
raised heart etc.
Types and Categories of Stress
1. Acute Stress
• is what most people identify as stress
• It make itself felt through tension
headaches, emotional upsets,
gastrointestinal disturbances, feelings
of agitation and pressure.
2. Episodic Acute
• Stress is more serious and can lead
to migraines, hypertension, stroke,
heart attack, anxiety, depression,
and serious gastrointentinal
disdtress.
3. Chronic Stress
• is the most serious of all, stress
that never ends.
• It grinds us down until our
resistance is gone.
4. Traumatic Stress
• Is the result of massive acute
stress
• Posttraumatic stress disorder is
treatable and reversible and
usually requires professional aid.
Types of Short Term Stress
1. Acute Time
• Acute time refers to limited stress
that come on suddenly (acute)
and are over relatively quickly.
2. Brief Naturalistic Stress
• Brief Naturalistic Stress is relatively
short duration.
Types of Long Term Stress
1. Stressful Event Sequences
• Is a single event that starts from a chain of
challenging situations.
2. Chronic Stress
• Chronic stress lack a clear end point. Often, they
force people to assume new roles or change
their self-perception.
3. Distant Stress
• May have been initiated in the past but continue
to affect the immune system.
• Distant stressor have long-lasting effects on
emotional and mental health.

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Human Behavior 2 2

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Human Behavior and

• Conflict is the state in which two or more

• Psychological conflict could be going on

• Approach speaks to things that we

• Generally, this type of depression is

• This occurs when a severe depressive

• Bipolar disorder is characterized by a

• Endogenous means within the body.

• Stressor is anything (physical or

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