Module 2. Work, Energy, and Conservation of Energy
Module 2. Work, Energy, and Conservation of Energy
where
k is the spring constant
is the displacement from the equilibrium
position
WORK DONE BY VARYING FORCE
Work done by a spring
To calculate the work done by the spring force,
we can choose the x-axis along the length of
the spring, in the direction of increasing length,
as in the Figure, with the origin at the
equilibrium position, 𝑥𝑒𝑞. Then positive 𝑥
corresponds to a stretch and negative 𝑥 to a
compression. With this choice of coordinates,
the spring force has only an 𝑥-component, 𝐹𝑥
=−𝑘𝑥 , and the work done when 𝑥 changes
from initial 𝑥𝐴 to final 𝑥𝐵.
WORK DONE BY VARYING FORCE
Work done by a spring
To calculate the work done by the spring force,
we can choose the x-axis along the length of
the spring, in the direction of increasing length,
as in the Figure, with the origin at the
equilibrium position, 𝑥𝑒𝑞. Then positive 𝑥
corresponds to a stretch and negative 𝑥 to a
compression. With this choice of coordinates,
the spring force has only an 𝑥-component, 𝐹𝑥
=−𝑘𝑥 , and the work done when 𝑥 changes
from initial 𝑥𝐴 to final 𝑥𝐵.
[ ]
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
𝑥2 1
𝑊 𝐴𝐵=∫ 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥=∫ − 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥=−𝑘∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =−𝑘 =− 𝑘 ( 𝑥 2𝐵 − 𝑥 2𝐴 )
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 2 𝐴 2
WORK DONE BY VARYING FORCE
Work done on the spring
The work done on the spring is equal to the negative
work done by the spring. Therefore:
𝟏
𝒌 ( 𝒙 𝑩 − 𝒙 𝑨)
𝟐 𝟐
𝑾 𝑨𝑩 =
𝟐
Work done by a spring
Work done by a spring
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
• Like work, energy is calculated in Joules and is a scalar quantity. Energy, when
attain by an object allows the object to perform work.
• This energy can be stored and measured in many forms: kinetic energy, thermal
energy, sound. Light, and other forms.
• The kinetic energy of a particle, mathematically, is define to be one-half the
product of the particle’s mass m and the square of its speed.
• Technically, it is an energy attain by object by virtue of its motion.
• We then extend this definition to any system of particles by adding up the kinetic
energies of all the constituent particles:
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
Work-Energy theorem states that the net work done on a particle equals the change
in the particle’s kinetic energy, i.e
The equation above implies that if the change in kinetic energy, , positive
(speed/kinetic energy of the particle increases), the net work done is positive and
vice versa.
Note that .
Derivation of Work-Energy Theorem
By Chain rule:
The equation above implies that if the change in kinetic energy, , positive
(speed/kinetic energy of the particle increases), the net work done is positive and
vice versa.
15.0 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑣 3 =0 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑣 2=15.0 𝑚/ 𝑠
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
𝑣 3 =0 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑣 2=15.0 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑣1
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
𝑣 3 =0 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑣 2=15.0 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑣1
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
=0.072 J
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
𝑥 2=− 0.025 𝑚𝑥1 =0 𝑚 (b) What is the speed of the block after it leaves the spring?
At point 2,
1 2
0.072 𝐽 = 𝑚 𝑣1
2
2 2 ⋅ 0.072 𝐽
𝑣 1=
𝑚
𝑣 1=
√
2 ⋅0.072 𝐽
5.1 𝑘𝑔
≈ 0.17 𝑚/ 𝑠
Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem
𝑥 2=− 0.025 𝑚𝑥1 =0 𝑚 (b) What is the speed of the block after it leaves the spring?
At point 2,
1 2
0.072 𝐽 = 𝑚 𝑣1
2
2 2 ⋅ 0.072 𝐽
𝑣 1=
𝑚
𝑣 1=
√
2 ⋅0.072 𝐽
5.1 𝑘𝑔
≈ 0.17 𝑚/ 𝑠
Seatwork #3
Change Potential Energy General Definition
• Is the work done on an object against a conservative force without
accelerating or changing its kinetic energy.
• A conservative force is a force that does not change the total energy
of the system.
Mathematically, the change in potential energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
• In a projectile motion, Figure 2.3, friction and air
resistance are ignored. Only the gravitational force acts on
the football.
• When the object rises, work done by the gravitational
force on the football is negative since the displacement
is directed up while the force of gravity is directed
down.
• As the football rises, speed decreases, hence decreasing
kinetic energy. The loss of kinetic energy is converted
into a gain in gravitational potential energy of the football-
earth system.
Gravitational Potential Energy
• The gravitational potential energy of the football at point 1
is zero and maximum at the highest point (point 2).
• So, we define potential energy difference to be the negative
of the work done by gravity:
Gravitational Potential Energy
Therefore
Elastic Potential Energy Sample Problems
Elastic Potential Energy Sample Problems
By Newton’s First Law:
Solving for 𝑘:
Elastic Potential Energy Sample Problems
Solving for the total length:
First, solve for how much it has to stretched or compressed to
correspond to 10.0 J of elastic potential energy.
By work-energy theorem:
Rewriting as:
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy
Rewriting as:
Here is the total mechanical energy, and the above equation implies that this quantity is conserved in the
absence of nonconservative forces, i.e,
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Sample Problems
1 2
𝐾 1= 𝑚 𝑣 1 ; 𝑣 1=12.0 𝑚/ 𝑠
2
1 2
𝐾 2= 𝑚 𝑣 2 ; 𝑣 2=? ?
2
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Sample Problems
Set the ground as reference such that the potential energy is zero at
that point (U2 =0). Hence,
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Sample Problems
(b) What is the answer for part (a) if the initial velocity is at an angle 52.0obelow the horizontal?
The speed will still be the same as the conservation of mechanical energy is not dependent
on the direction of velocity.
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Sample Problems
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Sample Problems
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Sample Problems
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Sample Problems
2
𝑚 𝑣 𝐵
∑ 𝐹 𝑦 =− =− 𝐹 𝑁 − 𝐹 𝑔
𝑅
Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Sample Problems
In summary
Comparison of 𝑬𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 Implication
(a) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction on the horizontal surface? Between points B and
C
Work done by Non-conservative Forces Sample Problems
𝐸 𝐴=3.14 𝐽 ; 𝐸 𝐵 =2.30 𝐽 ; 𝐸 𝐶 =0
Situations with Both Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
What happens when we have both gravitational and elastic forces, such as a block
attached to a spring? And if there is work done by other force such as friction or air
resistance? If this situation occur then the total work becomes
By work-energy theorem:
By the definition of potential energy:
Consequently
Situations with Both Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
Rearranging,
where + =
The same equation holds true:
where
Situations with Both Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
Sample Problems
Situations with Both Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
Sample Problems
Solution:
There is no friction between surface and block, so
𝑊 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟 = Δ 𝐸 → Δ 𝐸 =0
𝐸 3= 𝐸 1
Situations with Both Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
Sample Problems
Situations with Both Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
Sample Problems
Point 2: the point along the horizontal surface where the
block comes to rest.
Situations with Both Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
Sample Problems
Point 1: when the block pushed the spring to the wall and
the spring was compressed
Situations with Both Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
Sample Problems
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
• Forces can also be categorized as conservative force or non-conservative
force.
• A force is considered conservative if the work this force does on an object will
not depend on the path the object takes.
• Rather this force is dependent only on the initial and final positions of a motion.
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
Second principle: conservative force does zero work in any closed loop.
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
Example:
Take path no. 2, the work done by the conservative force in moving the object from
point A to point B back to point A.
where
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
• With each conservative force, we can associate a stored energy.
• The energy stored depends on the relative position(s) of the object(s).
• The stored energy is called potential energy as it has the potential to do work.
• Forces considered conservative are: a) gravitational force, b) Elastic spring force,
and c) electrostatic force.
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
• Non‐conservative forces, on the other hand, is dependent of path, the
longer the path, the greater its work.
• The total work done by a nonconservative force in any closed loop is not zero.
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
• Non‐conservative forces, on the other hand, is dependent of path, the
longer the path, the greater its work.
• The total work done by a nonconservative force in any closed loop is not zero.
Ex.
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces
• Non-conservative force are dissipative forces, as they dissipate mechanical energy
into other forms.
• For instance, the work done by friction cannot be transform into useful work.
Friction can dissipate energy as heat and sound.
• Forces considered non-conservative are: a) Friction, b) Water drag on a moving
boat, c) Air resistance, d) viscosity, e) non-elastic material stress
Summary
Use when you want to determine the work done by the conservative
force using the change in potential energy. The potential energy is
just the work done against the associated conservative force.
1. Force of Gravity
1. Applied Force
Associated Potential Energy:
Gravitational Potential Energy
2. Force from an elastic spring
2. Friction
Associated Potential Energy:
Elastic Potential Energy
3. Coulomb Force
3. Force from air drag
Associated Potential Energy:
Electric Potential Energy which is
related to Voltage.
Seatwork #4