HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN

WHICH SOCIAL
CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE
COURSE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ACEDILLO, CRISTINE
ALONZO, AIDEN

I N T R O D U C T I O N T O G E O L O G Y
They can be traced from the origin of human life two million years ago.
The earliest known form of human artifacts about 2.3 million years ago were roughly shaped
stones used for chopping and scraping. These stones were primarily found in Eastern Africa.
Some of the earliest scientific record as evidence of emerging science from Mesopotamian
cultures around 400 BC are disease symptoms, chemical substance and astronomical
observation instruments. During the same period in the Nile Valley of Egypt, there were
evidences regarding the treatment of wounds and Diseases that were found. Even some
mathematical calculations currently used in Geometry and Trigonometry such as angles,
rectangles, triangles, volume of a portion of a pyramid have been found around for thousands
of years. From 300-400 BC, there was a rise in philosophers who wrote topics on psychology,
biology, and a host of others.
There was Euclid considered as the “Father of Modern Geometry” and Archimedes, the
founder of engineering mechanics who calculated a value of pi which being used today. He
also invented the first water pump. In other words, people during the ancient time have
developed and utilized tools, machines, and techniques without fully understanding how or
why they worked or comprehending their physical and chemical composition.
 -In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-
keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture. Transportation
was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. They travelled
to search for food and find better locations for their settlements. They also travelled to trade their surplus goods in
exchange for things
that they lacked.
-Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a way to
communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
- Weapons and armors were important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances
with other tribes.
-At that time, there was always a risk of conflict when people met others with different culture andorientations.
The development in this field allowed humans to build structures that would address their specific needs and
wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exist today and continually awe people. The
development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of architecture. Others might see architecture as a
mere style, but during
the ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular
civilizations. In the generations to come, architecture would be considered a status

A. ANCIENT TIMES
 CIVILIZATIONS
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

PERIOD:LATE NEOLITHIC, MIDDLE

BRONZE AGE
-Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of
the ancient Mesopotamia.
-Sumerians are known for their high degree
of cooperation with one another and their
desire for great things.
-They are not contented with the basic things
that life can offer.
CUNEIFORM
-One of the major contributions of the
Sumerians is the development of the first
writing system known as cuneiform. It
is a system that utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols which are carved on clay
using wedge instruments and
then left to dry
 URUK CITY
Another important contribution of
the Sumerians is the City of Uruk. It
is a great wonder not only because
it isconsidered to be the first true
city in the world but also for the
way it was erected.

THE ZIGGURAT OF URUK

Another engineering and
architectural feat of the Sumerians
is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The
ziggurat, also called the mountain
of gos, was built in the same
manner that they constructed the
City of Uruk.
 IRRIGATION AND DIKES
As population increased, so did the demand for food. SAILBOATS
The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food Another challenge to the
items but the elements in the environment seemed
Sumerians was transportation.
uncooperative. It was difficult to get water from the
rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands. Some Sailboats were essential in
groups had scarce water supply, while others had transportation and trading as
problems with flooding caused by the rivers. Through well as in fostering culture,
the dikes and canals, The Sumerians were able to enjoy
information, and technology
year-long farming and harvesting, which increased
their food production.
 WHEEL
In the latter part of their history, the
Sumerians were able to invent the
wheel since the specialized tools
needed to create it were already
available. The first wheels were not
made for transportation but for farm
work and
food processes. With the use of the
wheel and axle, mass production was
made easier. ROADS
In order to facilitate faster and
THE PLOW easier travel. Sumerians developed
the first roads.
Another farm
technology
invented by the
Mesopotamians is
the plow.
 BABYLONIANS CIVILIZATION
PERIOD:1894-1595 BC
Babylonian civilization engaged near the Tigris and Euphrates.

HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of
plants, trees, and vines. According to legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the garden
for his wife, Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
PERIOD: 3100-332 B.C.E
Another early civilization famous for it’s legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in North
Africa.
HEIROGLYPHICS
INK Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also
PAPER OR PAPYRUS developed a system of writing using
One of the earlier When the Egyptians
symbols, known as hieroglyphics.
contributions of invented the papyrus or Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the
Egyptian Civilization the paper, engraving modern world of the history and culture of
was the paper or ceased to be used in the ancient Egyptians. Their
papyrus. writing. records were well preserved since they were
carved at the walls of the pyramids and
other important Egyptian
structures.
 COSMETICS WIG
The Egyptians also invented the use of Another cosmetic invention of ancient
cosmetics. Egyptians is the wig. During the ancient
Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite Egyptian times, wigs were worn for
with mineral galena. Egyptians also believed health and wellness rather than for
that a person wearing aesthetic purposes. The wigs were used
make-up was protected from evil and that to protect the shaved heads of the
beauty was a sign of holiness. At present, the wealthy
cosmetic industry is a Egyptians from the harmful rays of the
booming multibillion industry. sun
 WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA
This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of
water from one vessel to the other. The water clock was
widely used as a timekeeping device during the ancient
times.

GREEK CIVILIZATION
Greek is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.
Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks
include in depth works on philosophy and mathematics.

ALARM CLOCK
They made use of water (or sometimes small stones
or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the
alarm.
 WATER MILL
Watermills were also considered as one of
the most important contributions Of the
Greek civilization to the world. They were
commonly used in agricultural processes like
milling of grains which was a necessary
form of food processing during that time.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.
It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period.
NEWSPAPER
One of the major contributions of the Romans is the newspaper. The first newspapers,
known as gazettes, contained Announcements of the Roman Empire to the people.
BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX
With the invention of paper, it became easier for civilizations to write down everything that
happened in their time.
Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. later on,
they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus.
JULUIS CESAR
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Roman architecture was still regarded as
pioneering since the Romans were able to
adapt new building and
engineering technology on architectural
designs established in the past.
ROMAN NUMERALS
Since the Roman Empire was expanding, it had
to deal with many nations to maintain its power.
For this reason, the
Romans devised their own number system
specifically to address the need for a standard
counting method that would
meet their increasing communication and trade
concerns.
 CHINESE CIVILIZATION
PERIOD: Time Between the Neolithic period and the Han Dynasty
The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not
in the world. Also known as the
middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia.

SILK
One of the things that
connected Far East China to
the world is silk.

TEA PRODUCTION
Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or
boiling water over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves.
 GREAT WALL OF CHINA
Once considered the only man-
made structure that could be seen
from outer space, the Great Wall of
China is said to
be the largest and most extensive
infrastructure that the nation built.

GUNPOWDER
The gunpowder is one of the most
interesting inventions in China.
Originally, it was developed by
Chinese alchemists
who aimed to achieve immortality
 MEDIEVAL AGES
The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations.
Wars were prevalent during this time

PRINTING PRESS
After the Chinese developed woodblock
printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent
the printing press, a more
reliable
JOHANN GUTENBERG

MICROSCOPE
Another invention in the
Middle Ages is the
microscope.
 TELESCOPE
The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the observation
of remote objects, was a great Help for navigators during this time.

WAR WEAPONS
Since wars were
widespread during the
Middle Ages, great
development in the
weaponry technology also
occurred.
B. MODERN TIMES
PASTEURIZATION
As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the
population, food preservation and food safety became an issue.
Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist, found a way to solve the
problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill
harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.
 PETROLEUM REFINERY
The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. At
first, people used animal
oils for generating light to illuminate their homes.
Faced with this concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining
petroleum. Kerosene was later
on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to
homes. After some time, it
was applied for heating purposes.
 TELEPHONE
The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the
more they needed a way to easily maintain these connections and
communicate with each other in real time.the development of the
telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most
important inventions at that time.
 CALCULATOR
Computing devices must also be asy to carry
since they would be utilized on a day-to-day
basis.
C. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS
TRICYCLE
It has become ordinary for Filipinos to
convert transport vehicles into something
more useful. An example is the
conversion of American military jeeps used
in World War II into jeepneys. Another
Filipino innovation is the
addition of sidecar to a motorcycle,
transforming it into a tricycle to
accommodate more passengers.
SALT LAMP
One of the major needs in the Philippines, as
a developing nation, is electrification
Fortunately, a young Filipina inventor named
Aisa Mijeno was able to invent lighting
system that utilizes a material abundant in
the Philippines – saltwater. She invented the
Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt)
lamp, an environment-friendly light source
that runs on saltwater.
 MEDICAL INCUBATOR
Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian
woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a
medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap
materials which did not run on electricity. Dr. del Mundo’s
incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket
inside a bigger one. Its main purpose was to maintain
conditions suitable dor a newborn, usually a pre-term baby.
 MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYTEEM
Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is endemic in tropical and subtropical
areas, including the Philippines.Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System,
also known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that
are lethal to mosquitoes but safe for humans and the environment.

E-JEEPNEY
The diesel-powered jeepney produces
large quantities of black smoke, and is
usually a major contributor of noise
pollution due to its primitive exhaust
system. To counter these disadvantages,
the electric jeepney (eJeepney) was
developed. This modern type of
transportation utilizes electricity instead of
the more expensive diesel. It is
environment-friendly since it does not emit
any smoke and noise
Thank you for
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