CREATED BY

SOCIAL SCIENCE FACULTY

NISHA.V.
ROCKS ARE COMBINATIONS OF
HOMOGENEOUS SUBSTANCES CALLED
MINERALS.

GEOLOGY

IS THE STUDY OF THE EARTH, THE MATERIALS OF

WHICH IT IS MADE, THE STRUCTURE OF THOSE
MATERIALS, AND THE PROCESSES ACTING UPON THEM
MINERALS ARE USUALLY FOUND IN “ORES”.

THE TERM ORE IS USED TO DESCRIBE AN ACCUMULATION OF

ANY MINERAL MIXED WITH OTHER ELEMENTS.
 IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS

 They are indispensable part of our lives.

 Life processes can’t occur without minerals.

 The food we eat contains minerals.

 Cars, buses are manufactured from minerals.

****silica, limestone, aluminium oxide & phosphate
minerals  cleaning.
****Fluoride -- comes from a mineral fluorite ---->to
reduce cavities,
****Titanium oxide, which comes from minerals - rutile,
ilmenite and anatase --white
***sparkle in some toothpastes comes from mica.
toothbrush and tube containing the paste -made of
plastics from petroleum.
part of Bulb Material Used Mineral from Which Obtained

Scheelite, Wolframite, ferberite or

Filament Tungsten
hubnerite (Metallic oxides of Tungsten)

Bulb Glass Silica (Silicon dioxide)

Connecting wires Copper Chalcolite (Cuprous Sulphide)

Metallic part of body Aluminium Bauxite (Aluminium oxide)

• minerals hidden within a fridge
are Hematite, Chromite, Galena, • Talc Is A Hydrated Sheet
Copper, Cinnabar, Pentlandite. Silicate Mineral Composed
• Chromite is used in most fridge Of Magnesium, Silicon,
because it's found in stainless Oxygen, And Hydrogen
steel.
•
• Cinnabar is found in the
thermometer in the fridge.
• Hematite, Galena, Copper, and
Pentlandite are found inside the
fridge.
 MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF
MINERALS

• • In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may

occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
• • In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in
beds or layers.
• • The decomposition of surface rocks and the removal
of soluble constituents also forms the minerals.
• • Minerals also occur as alluvial deposits in sands of
valley floors and the base of hills.
• • The ocean waters contain vast quantities of
minerals.
The Process Of Taking Out Minerals From Rocks Buried Under
The Earth’s Surface Is Called MINING.
TYPES OF MINING:
 Minerals That Lie At Shallow Depths Are Taken Out By
Removing The Surface Layer- Open-Cast Mining.
 Deep Bores, Called Shafts, Have To Be Made To Reach
Mineral Deposits That Lie At Great Depths. -Shaft Mining.
 Petroleum And Natural Gas Occur Far Below The Earth’s
Surface. Deep Wells Are Bored To Take Them Out, -
 Drilling
 Minerals That Lie Near The Surface Are Simply Dug Out, -
 Quarrying.

 Meghalaya-Large Deposits Of Coal, Iron Ore, Limestone

And Dolomite Etc. Coal Mining In Jowai And Cherapunjee Is
Done By Family Member In The Form Of A Long narrow
tunnel, known as ‘RAT HOLE’ MINING.
 MINING IS KNOWN AS THE KILLER INDUSTRY

REASONS:
i. It is dangerous for the health of miners who often have to
work in unsafe conditions in underground mines.
ii. Frequent accidents occur in mines due to collapse of roofs
and water flooding. These end up causing many
casualties.
iii. Miners are exposed to toxic materials causing disease of
lung and reduced life expectancy. E.g. black lung caused
by inhaling coal dust.
iv. It has a negative effect on environment as volumes of
hazardous garbage are produced during extraction of
minerals from mines causing environmental degradation
and water pollution.
Mining activities are a major cause of deforestation. A huge
volume of earth is also excavated and displaced causing
silting.
• FERROUS MINERALS:

• Three-fourths Of The Total Value Of The

Production Of Metallic Minerals.
 IRON ORE:
I Basic Minerals
ii Backbone Of Industrial Development
iii India Is Endowed With Fairly Abundant Resources Of Iron Ore.
Iv The Finest Iron Ore With A Very High Content Of Iron Up To 70
Percent.
V In The Adjoining Singbhum Districts Of Jharkhand, Haematite
Iron Ore Is Mined In GUA And Noamundi.
Vi Durg – Bastar – Chandrapur Belt Lies In Chhattisgarh And
Maharashtra.
Vii The Kudremukh Mines Located On The Western Ghats Of
Karnataka Deposits Are Known To Be One Of The Largest In The
World
viii Maharashtra – Goa Belt Includes The State Of Goa and Ratnagiri
District Of Maharashtra.
Ix Iron Ore Is Exported Through Marmagoa Port.
 MAGNETITE HEMATITE
• Finest Iron Ore • Important Industrial Iron
• Very High Content Of Ore.
Iron, Up To 70%. • Contains 50 To 60% Iron.
• Excellent Magnetic • Reddish Ore
Qualities.
• Found --- Odisha,
• Black Ore Of Iron
Jharkhand, Madhya
• Found -- Tamil Nadu,
Pradesh.
And Karnataka
 MAJOR IRON ORE BELTS IN INDIA

• Odisa-Jharkhand belt
• Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
• Ballari-Chitradurga-
Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt
• Maharashtra-Goa belt
 MANGANESE
1.used ---manufacturing of steel and
ferro-manganese alloy &
manufacturing bleaching powder,
insecticides and paints

2.Nearly 10 kg of manganese is
required to manufacture 1 tonne of
steel.
.
 NON – FERROUS MINERALS
India’s reserves and production of non – ferrous
minerals is not very satisfactory.

COPPER:

i. Malleable, ductile and good conductor of heat

and electricity.
ii. Used----electrical cables, electronics and
chemical industries.
iii.Balaghat mines in Mp, Khetri mines in Rajasthan
and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading
producers of copper.
 BAUXITE
## BAUXITE DEPOSITS ARE FORMED BY THE
DECOMPOSITION OF A VARIETY OF ROCKS RICH IN
ALUMINIUM SILICATES.

## ALUMINIUM IS OBTAINED FROM BAUXITE.

ALUMINIUM HAS GOOD CONDUCTIVITY AND GREAT
MALLEABILITY.

## DEPOSITS ---FOUND ---AMARKANTAK PLATEAU,

MAIKAL HILLS AND THE PLATEAU REGION OF BILASPUR-
KATNI.

## ORISSA --LARGEST PRODUCING STATE IN INDIA WITH

34.97 PER CENT
 NON – METALLIC MINERALS
MICA
***Made Up Of A Series Of Plates Or Leaves.

***It Splits Easily Into Thin Sheets.

***Can Be Clear, Black, Green, Red Yellow Or Brown.

***Used In Electric And Electrons Industries.

***It Has Excellent Di-electric Strength, Low Power

Loss Factor, Insulating Properties And Resistance To
High Voltage.
****deposits ---found --- northern edge of the
Chota Nagpur Plateau, Koderma Gaya –
Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading
producer.

***In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is

around Ajmer.
 ROCK MINERALS

### Limestone ----- found in rocks composed

of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium
carbonates.

### basic raw material for the cement industry

and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace
 CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

i. Minerals are a non-renewable resource. It takes

thousands of years for the formation and concentration
of minerals.

ii. Continued extraction of ores leads to the

depletion of minerals.

iii. The strong dependence of industry and

agriculture upon mineral deposits and the substances
manufactured from them.
iv. A concerted effort to be made in order to use
mineral resources in a planned and sustainable
manner.

So, it’s important to take the necessary steps so that

mineral resources can be used in a planned and
sustainable manner.
 ENERGY RESOURCES

1.Energy is required for all activities, It is needed to

cook to provide light and heat to propel.

2.Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like

coal, petroleum from fuel mineral like coal,
petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity.

3.It consumes most valuable manure which could be

used in agriculture.
 ENERGY RESOURCES

Conventional Sources:
It includes firewood, cattle dung cake, coal,
petroleum, natural gas and electricity.

Non-Conventional Sources:
It includes solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas
and atomic energy
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

COAL
@ Abundantly Available Fossil Fuel.

@Provides A Substantial Part Of The Nation’s Energy

Needs.

@Used For Power Generation, To Supply Energy To

The Industry As Well As For Domestic Needs.
COAL AGES:
Gondwana- Over 200 Million Years In Age

Tertiary Deposits - 55 Million Years Old.

 PETROLEUM
~~~~Mineral Oil Is The Next Major Energy Source In India
After Coal
~~~~It Provides Fuel For Heat And Lighting, Lubricants For
Machinery And Raw Materials For A Number Of
Manufacturing Industries.
~~~~Petroleum Refineries Act As A “Nodal Industry” For
Synthetic Textile, Fertiliser And Numerous Chemical
Industries.
~~~
1. The Oil Is Prevented From Rising Or Sinking By
Intervening Non – Porous Layer.
2. About 63 Per Cent Of India’s Petroleum Production
Is From Mumbai High, 18 Per Cent From The Map Locates
The 3 Major Off Shore Field Of Western India.
Mumbai High, Gujarat And Assam Are Major
Petroleum Production Areas In India.
 OCCURRENCE OF PETROLEUM
i. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs
where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.

ii.The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or

sandstone through which oil may flow.

iii.The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by

intervening non-porous layers.

iv.Petroleum is also found in fault traps between

porous and non-porous rocks.
v. Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG ) IS USED IN VEHICLES TO
REPLACE LIQUID FUELS.
6. LARGE RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN
THE KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASIN
7. ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ARE LAND ARE ALSO IMPORTANT
AREAS HAVING LARGE RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS.
8. THE 1700 KM LONG HAZIRA – BIJAPUR JAGDISHPUR CROSS
COUNTRY GAS PIPELINE LINKS MUMBAI HIGH AND BASSEIN WITH THE
FERTILIZER POWER AND INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES IN WESTERN AND
NORTHERN INDIA.
 NATURAL GAS
****CLEAN ENERGY RESOURCE.
****CONSIDERED AN ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY
FUEL.

****USED AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY AS WELL AS

AN INDUSTRIAL RAW MATERIAL IN THE
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY.

****THE POWER AND FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES

ARE THE KEY USERS OF NATURAL GAS
*** COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG ) IS USED IN VEHICLES TO
REPLACE LIQUID FUELS.

***LARGE RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN

THE KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASIN

*** ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ARE LAND ARE ALSO IMPORTANT

AREAS HAVING LARGE RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS.

*** THE 1700 KM LONG HAZIRA – BIJAPUR JAGDISHPUR CROSS

COUNTRY GAS PIPELINE LINKS MUMBAI HIGH AND BASSEIN WITH
THE FERTILIZER POWER AND INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES IN WESTERN
AND NORTHERN INDIA.
 ELECTRICITY
 Electricity has such a wide range of application in
today’s world
 per capita consumption is considered as an index of
development.
 Electricity is generated mainly in 2 ways:

1. By running water which drives hydro turbines to

generate Hydro Electricity. It is a renewable resource of
energy. India has a number of multi-purpose projects
like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation,
the Kopili Hydel Project.
2.By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and
natural gas to drive turbines to produce Thermal
Power.

 It uses non-renewable fossil fuels for generating

electricity

 Thermal electricity is generated by using coal,

petroleum and natural gas

 There are over 310 thermal power plants in India

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY

Growing Consumption Of Energy -------- >Increasingly

Dependent ----- >On Fossil Fuel Such As Coal Oil And
Gas.

There Is A Pressing Need To Use The Renewable

Energy Sources Like Solar Energy, Wind, Tide, Biomass
And Energy From Waste Material Are Called Non-
conventional Energy Sources.
 NUCLEAR OR ATOMIC ENERGY:

 It Is Obtained By Altering The Structure Of

Atoms.

 The Form Of Heat And This Is Used To

Generated Electric Power.

 The Aravalli Ranges Of Rajasthan Are Used

For Generating Atomic Or Nuclear Power.

 The Monazite Sands Of Kerala Is Also Rich In

Thorium.
 SOLAR ENERGY

 India Is A Tropical Country. It Has Enormous

Possibilities Of Tapping Energy.

 Photovoltaic Technology Converts Sunlight Directly

Into Electricity.

 In Turn Will Contribute To Environmental

Conservation And Adequate Supply Of Manure In
Agriculture
 WIND POWER

 India now ranks as a “wind super power”

the world.

 The largest wind farm cluster is located

in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai.

 Nagercoil and Jaisalmer are well known

for the effective use of wind energy in the
country.
 BIOGAS
 Shrubs, Farm Waste, Animal And Human Waste
Are Used To Produce Biogas For Domestic
Consumption In Rural Areas.

 The Plant Using Cattle Dung Are Know A

‘Gobar Gas Plant’ In Rural India.

 It Improves The Loss Of Trees And Manure

Due To The Burning Of Fuel Wood And Cow
Dung Cakes.
 TIDAL ENERGY
 Tidal Energy Is The Form Of Hydropower That
Converts The Energy Obtained From Tides Into Useful
Forms Of Power, Mainly Electricity Oceanic Tides Can Be
Used To Generate Electricity. Floodgate Dams Are Built
Across Intellect.

 The Sea Via A Pipe That Carries It Through A Power

Generating Turbine.

 In India, The Gulf Of Khambhat, The Gulf Of Kachchh In

Gujarat On The Western Coast And Gangetic Delta In
Sunderban Regions Of West Bengal

 A 900 Mw Tidal Energy Power Plant Is Setup Here By The

National Hydropower Corporation.
 GEO THERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity

produced by heat from the interior of the earth.

It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface it

turns into steam.

This stem is used to drive turbines and generate

electricity.

In India, geothermal energy is harnessed from Parvati

valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and from
Puga Valley, Ladakh.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
 Energy is a basic requirement for economic
development.
 The economic development plans implemented
since Independence necessarily required increasing
amounts of energy to remain operational.
 Promotion of energy conservation and
increased use of renewable energy sources are the
twin planks of sustainable energy.
 India is presently one of the least energy
efficient countries I the world
 Energy saved is energy produced.
Judicious use of resources

 Use of Public transport system

 Switching off electricity when not in use.

 Using power saving device

 Sustainable path- promotion of energy

conservation , increase use of renewable
sources.
THANK YOU