8 TH PLANT
8 TH PLANT
Inside the bark here are seven layers of xylem tissue.
Each layer of xylem constitutes 1 years tree growth
Leaves
Leaves carry out photosynthesis
Have a large surface area to try to collect as much
sunlight as possible
Stomates open and close to control the rate at
which water is lost and gases are exchanged
During times of drought, the stomates are closed to
reduce the rate at which the plant loses water
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless vascular plants include whisk ferns,
horsetails, club mosses and ferns
They have vascular tissue, but do not produce
seeds
Not as limited to wet areas as nonvascular
plants, because they have roots and vascular
tissue.
Still need water to move sperm
Ferns
Most abundant of the seedless vascular
plants
Found in greater number in the tropics,
but can be found throughout the world
Some are very small, while some can
grow to be very large.
Some have trunks which are 79 feet
high, and leaves that grow up to 16
feet long
The stage you see when looking at
ferns are mostly sporophytes
The vertical leaves on ferns are
known as fronds
On the underside of the fronds, the
spore producing parts are located,
known as sori (sorus)
Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
• Seed is a specialized structure that contain an
embryo, along with stored foot, enclosed in a
protective coat, known as a seed coat
• Two major groups of plants that produce seeds:
• Gymnosperms (conifers)
• Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms (naked seed plants) are plants
that have cones (woody structures) where their
seeds are produced.
• Pollen grains are the male gametophytes, and
the transfer of pollen is known as pollination.
Gymnosperm Life Cycle
Types of Gymnosperms
• Cyads – are stout, woody gymnosperms that have a
ring of fernlike leaves on the top that live in tropical
regions.
• Ginkgo trees- have fan-shaped leaves. There is only
one species left, Ginkgo biloba. Reproductive
strucutres of ginkgos are on separate trees.
Types of Gymnosperms
• Conifers are the common trees and shrubs that
bear seeds in cones and many have needle-
shaped leaves.
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and have their
seeds enclosed in fruit.
• Fruit is a modification of the ovary wall into a special structure
that contains the seeds.
• Flower is the structure, composed of highly modified leaves, that
is responsible for sexual reproduction.
Flower Structure
• Pistil is at the center of a flower, which is
composed of the stigma, style and ovary.
• Stigma is the terminal portion of the pistil and is
meant to receive pollen.
• Style is where the male gamete travels down into
the ovary
• Ovary is the female reproductive structure
• Stamen is male organ of a flower
• Filament is the stalk of the anther
• Anther contains pollen sacs. The sacs release pollen
on to the outside of the anthers that brush against
insects on entering the flowers.
Flower Structure