Cheng Li

CANCER
成李 213236060
INTRODUCTION
 There are about 200 different types of cancer. It can start
in any type of body tissue. What affects one body tissue may
not affect another for example, tobacco smokes that you
breath in may help to cause lung cancer.
 overexposing your skin to the sun could cause a

melanoma on your leg. But the sun won’t give you lung
cancer and smoking won’t give you melanoma.
 Apart from infection disease, most illnesses (including

cancer) are multifactorial. This means that there are many
factors involved. In other words, there is no single cause for
any one type of cancer.
DEFINITION
 Cancer is a term used to describe a large group of diseases that are
characterized by a cellular malfunction.
Healthy cells are programmed to “know what to do and when to do

it”.
Cancerous cells do not have this programming and therefore grow

and replicate out of control. They also serve no physiological
function. These cells are now termed a neoplasm
Medically cancer is known ‘ Malignant neoplasm ’. It is a broad

group of disease involving unregulated cell growth.
The unregulated cell growth forms a ‘tumor’.

CELLULER BASIS OF CANCER
 Cancer is collection of disease characterize by
abnormal and uncontrolled growth.
 Cancer arises from a loss of normal growth

control.
 In normal tissue, the rate of new cell growth and

old cell death are kept in balance.
 But in cancer this balance is disrupted.
 This disruption can result from

Uncontrolled cell growth
Loss of cell ability to undergo apoptosis
TUMER
‘ This neoplasmic mass often forms a clumping of cells known as a
tumor ’.
‘ Tumor is a any abnormal proliferation of cell ’.
TUMER’S ARE TWO TYPES
Benign tumor Malignant tumor

(non-cancerous) (cancerous)
BENIGN TUMOR
(NON-CANCEROUS)
Benign tumor’s are those tumor, which grow only in one place.
They cannot spread or invade other parts of the body.
Enclosed in fibrous shell or capsule.
They can be dangerous if they press on vital organs such as ‘brain’.
It stay confined to its original location.

MALIGNANT TUMOR
(CANCEROUS)
This type of tumor are capable of invading surrounding tissue or

invading the entire body.
Invade and emit claw like protrusions that disrupt the RNA and DNA
of normal cells (these cancerous cells act like a virus).
Most malignant cells become ‘metastatic’.

METASTASIS
EVENTS IN METSTASIS
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER
It is a type of cancer that begins in a tissue that lies the
 CARCINOMAS inner and outer surface of the body. and generally
arises from cells originating in the endodermic or
ectodermic germ layer during embryogenesis.
It is a type of cancer that arises from transferred cells

 SARCOMA or mesanchymal origin.
It is a type of blood cancer, it occurs when T and B

 LYMPHOMA lymphocytes transform and begin growing and
multiplying uncontrollably.
It is the type of the bone marrow characterize by an

 LEUKEMIA
abnormal increase of immature WBC called ‘blast’.
THEORIES OF CANCER GENESIS
Carcinogens like chemical, tobacco, alcohol
etc. altered DNA sequence of two cancer
STANDARD DOGMA related genes which limit the cancer ability
to divide and which stimulates the cell
growth.
Mutation of these genes cause mutant cells

grow and reproduce excessively which
subsequently lead to the tumor formation
and later metastasis.
Something like carcinogen, reactive

MODIFIED DOGMA oxidants disable one or more genes that
regulates cell repair which leads to a
significant increase in mutation rates.
The chromosomal instability occurs
early on as one or more master genes
EARLY-INSTABILITY THEORY required for the cell division are
silenced. After each generation the
daughter cells more likely get wrong
numbers of chromosome.
It state that the cancer arise aneuploid,

ALL ANEUPLOIDY THEORY aneuploidy is a change in the number
of chromosome that can lead to a
chromosomal abnormality.
MOLECULER BASIS OF THE CANCER
Cancer is a genetic disease.

 Mutation in genes result in altered proteins.
• During cell division
• External agents
• Random event
 Most cancers result from mutations in somatic cells.
 Some cancers are caused by mutation in germline cells.
 The mutated form of gene is known as onco-genes.

MECHANISM OF ACTIVATION OF ONCO-GENES
PATHWAYS LEADING TO CANCER
STATISTICS OF CANCER
According to the IARC and the specialized cancer agency of world
health organization.
 Global burden rises to 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer
deaths in 2012.
an estimated 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer-
related deaths occurred in 2012.
 The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide were those of the
lung (1.8 million, 13.0% of the total), breast (1.7 million, 11.9%), and
colorectum (1.4 million, 9.7%). The most common causes of cancer
death were cancers of the lung (1.6 million, 19.4% of the total), liver
(0.8 million, 9.1%), and stomach (0.7 million, 8.8%).
The estimated number of new cancer in India is about 7 lakhs and

over 3.5 lakhs people die of cancer each year. Out of these 7 lakhs new
cancer about 2.3 lakhs (33%) cancers are tobacco related.
DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
 BIOPSY
 SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY
 ENDOSCOPY
 BLOOD TEST
 BONE MARROW ASPIRATION
 PAP TEST
 SPUTUM ANALYSIS AND BRONCHIAL WASHING ANALYSIS
 IMAGING STUDIES (MAMMOGRAM, CAT SCAN, MRI, ULTRASOUND)
 GENETIC ANALYSIS
TREATMENT OF CANCER
 SURGERY
 CHEMPTHERAPY
 RADIATION THERAPY
 TARGETED THAREPY
 IMMUNOTHERAPY
 HYPERTHERMIA
 STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (PERIPHERAL BLOOD, BONE MARROW AND CORD BLOOD
TRANSPLANT)
 PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
 LASERS IN CANCER TREATMENT
 BLOOD PRODUCT DONATION AND TRANSFUSION

CANCER PREVENTION
 TOBACCO
 PHYSICAL INACTIVITY , DIETARY FACTORS
 ALCOHOL
 INFECTION
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
 OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGEN
 RADIATION
THANK YOU

Cheng Li

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CANCER

 overexposing your skin to the sun could cause a

 Apart from infection disease, most illnesses (including

Healthy cells are programmed to “know what to do and when to do

Cancerous cells do not have this programming and therefore grow

Medically cancer is known ‘ Malignant neoplasm ’. It is a broad

The unregulated cell growth forms a ‘tumor’.

 Cancer arises from a loss of normal growth

 In normal tissue, the rate of new cell growth and

 But in cancer this balance is disrupted.

 This disruption can result from

‘ Tumor is a any abnormal proliferation of cell ’.

TUMER’S ARE TWO TYPES

Benign tumor Malignant tumor

They cannot spread or invade other parts of the body.

Enclosed in fibrous shell or capsule.

They can be dangerous if they press on vital organs such as ‘brain’.

It stay confined to its original location.

This type of tumor are capable of invading surrounding tissue or

Most malignant cells become ‘metastatic’.

It is a type of cancer that arises from transferred cells

It is a type of blood cancer, it occurs when T and B

It is the type of the bone marrow characterize by an

Mutation of these genes cause mutant cells

Something like carcinogen, reactive

It state that the cancer arise aneuploid,

Cancer is a genetic disease.

 Most cancers result from mutations in somatic cells.

 Some cancers are caused by mutation in germline cells.

 The mutated form of gene is known as onco-genes.

The estimated number of new cancer in India is about 7 lakhs and

 SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY

 BONE MARROW ASPIRATION

 SPUTUM ANALYSIS AND BRONCHIAL WASHING ANALYSIS

 IMAGING STUDIES (MAMMOGRAM, CAT SCAN, MRI, ULTRASOUND)

 LASERS IN CANCER TREATMENT

 BLOOD PRODUCT DONATION AND TRANSFUSION

 PHYSICAL INACTIVITY , DIETARY FACTORS

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