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    External Ballistics Final Presentation

    Uploaded by

    elearner12

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 15

    EXTERNAL BALLISTICS:

    Introduction:

    External ballistics deals with motion of projectile or bullet from the muzzle end
    of the weapon, to the target or till it drops down under the influence of gravity.

    The trajectories of projectile are parabolic in form but differ in curvatures and
    length.
    What is Trajectory?
    Trajectory means the path of the bullet from the muzzle to the striking point on
    the target and it is in the form of parabola.
    Parts of Trajectory:
    Line of Sight(LOS): A straight line out to infinity as represented by the scope’s reticule, or the sighting plane
    formed when the front and rear sights are aligned.
    Line of Departure(LOD): Another perfectly straight line, this one is running down the centre of the bore to infinity.
    Bullet Path: The arc or trajectory of the bullet relative to LOS.
    Drop: The actual drop of the bullet relative to LOD.
    Zero Range: Zero range is where the projectile intersects the line of sight. It occurs twice --- once on the way up
    and once on the way down
    Apex: Otherwise known as midrange trajectory, the apex is the point where the projectile is at its highest in
    relation to the line of sight .
    Factors Affecting External Ballistics:
    Trajectory depends on some internal as well as some external factors which
    are mentioned below.

    Internal Factors: External Factors:


    Velocity of the projectile. Wind.
    Spin of bullet. Vertical angle.
    The angle if fire. Air resistance.
    Structural features. Gravity
    Velocity of the Projectile:
    The velocity of projectile is internal factor that affect the trajectory, it is suitably
    adjusted to make the trajectory flatter greater the velocity flatter will be
    trajectory. It is most important factor affecting the trajectory shape is the
    velocity of the bullet.
    Spin of Bullet:
    Revolving of bullet around its longitudinal axis or gyration. Bullet spin reduces
    air resistance which results in reduction in loss of velocity.
     The degree of the turning of bullet is called twist.
    And the twist depend on the diameter, length and density of projectile .
    The Angle of Fire:
    A bullet which is projected at different angles covers different distance. When it
    is projected or released at the angle of 25*O, making it a parabolic path and
    covers lesser distance. When it is released at angle of 42*O & 45*O, makes a
    parabolic path and covers. Maximum distance.
    Structural Features:
    Structural features include shape of bullet at the centre of shape most coincide
    with the centre of gravity to avoid oscillation of bullet during flight as well as
    cause irregular trajectories.
    The head resistance is the most significant of all the factors. The head
    resistance force is a force, which acts on a moving body or projectile. Since this
    retarding force depends on the head area called as projection area, becomes
    more when head area is more and less when the head area is less. As head
    resistance is directly proportional to the projection area/ head area. It has
    resulted in great popularity of users. These are called SPITZER bullet.
    Wind:
    The wind reflects the bullet laterally in its flight path to the target called drift
    that not only tries to hold the bullet back but also alter the direction of the spin,
    it is an effect that increases with the distance to the target.
    Rotation of Earth:
    Rotation of the earth cause Coriolis effect known as Coriolis drift. It refers to
    the deflection on the trajectory of the bullet generated by the spping motion of
    the earth. Criolis drift can be up-down or left-right. Coriolis drift is not an
    aerodynamic effect. It is a result of flying from one point to another across the
    surface of a rotating sphere(Earth). For small arms, this effect is generally
    insignificant. But for projectiles with ling flight times such as Extreme long-range
    rifle projectiles, artillery etc., it is a significant factor in calculating the trajectory.
    Air Resistance:
    The air resistance will effect the trajectory of a bullet by reducing its velocity
    and by pushing it in the direction it is blowing.
    Gravity:
    When a projectile exits the barrel, gravity immediately takes effect, causing the
    bullet to drop from the line of departure, otherwise known as the line of bore. As
    the projectile travels downrange, air drag decreases the velocity. These effects
    create the projectile’s trajectory.
    Reference:
    http://noblecotactical.com/blog/external-ballistic-fac
    tors-that-affect-bullet-trajectory
    Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    e-PG PATHSHALA
    THANK YOU
    Submitted To : Murali Manohar Yadav Sir
    Submitted By: Sruti Banerjee
    1st Year (B.Sc Forensic Science)

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