DYNAMICS OF

RIGID BODIES
 INTRODUCTION

Dynamics- the study of body in motion

A. Kinematics - a branch of dynamics that deals with aspects
of motion apart from considerations of mass and force

A
B. Kinetics - the study of motion and its causes.

FORCE
B
 INTRODUCTION

RIGID BODY - an idealization of a solid body in

which deformation is neglected.

B
 INTRODUCTION

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

KINEMATICS
 KINEMATICS

Displacement VS Distance
Travelled

Displacement (Vector) – change in position

Distance Travelled (Scalar) – total length of path over which the
particle travels.

A man travelled 10m due east then 3m due west in 6s,

determine the distance travelled and displacement of the
man.

Displacement = 7m
3m

10m Distance Travelled = 10m + 3m =13m

 KINEMATICS

Average Velocity VS Average

Speed

Average Velocity (Vector) – Displacement / time

Average Speed (Scalar) – Distance Travelled / time
A man travelled 10m due east then 3m due west in 6s,
determine the average velocity and average speed of the
man.

Displacement = 7m
3m

10m Distance Travelled = 10m + 3m =13m

 KINEMATICS

Displacement, Velocity and

Acceleration
Given the function x(t) = 2t3-4t2+7, determine the
velocity and acceleration of the particle at time 24s such
that t is in seconds and x in meters.
 KINEMATICS

Displacement, Velocity and

Acceleration
Given the function a(t) = 18t2-4t+6, determine the
position and velocity of the particle at time 11s such
that at time = 0, the particle is not yet moving (0m/s)
and its position is 38m. Note: t is in seconds.
 KINEMATICS

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

A particle is moving along a straight line through a fluid medium such that its
speed is measured as v = (2t) m/s, where t is in seconds. If it is released from rest
at s = 0, determine its positions and acceleration when t = 3 s.

s = 9 m, a = 2 m/s2
 KINEMATICS

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

A small metal particle passes downward through a fluid medium while being
subjected to the attraction of a magnetic field such that its position is observed to
be s = (15t3 - 3t) mm, where t is measured in seconds. Determine (a) the particle's
displacement from t = 2 s to t = 4 s, and (b) the velocity and acceleration of the
particle when t = 5 s.

s = 834 mm, v = 1122 mm/s, a = 450 mm/s2

 KINEMATICS

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT

LINE

Vo = initial velocity
Vf = final velocity
s = displacement
a = acceleration (9.81m/s2 and 32.2 ft/s2)
t = time

vf = vo + at
s = vot + ½ at2
vf2 = vo2 + 2as

Where acceleration is constant

 KINEMATICS

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT

LINE
A car is traveling along a straight road at 10 m/s. It accelerates uniformly for 25
seconds until it is moving at 35 m/s. What was the acceleration?
Given

VO = 10 m/s VF = 35 m/s t = 25 s

VF = VO + at s = VOt + ½ at2 VF2 = VO2 + 2as

35 = 10 + a(25)

35 = 10 + 25a
35 − 10 = 25a
25 = 25a
(25/25) = a
1m/s2 = a
 KINEMATICS

MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT

LINE
A car is travelling at 15m/s, when the traffic light 50m ahead turns yellow.
Determine the required constant deceleration of the car and the time needed to
stop the car at the light?
Given
VO = 15 m/s VF = 0 m/s s = 50m s

VF = VO + at s = VOt + ½ at2 VF2 = VO2 + 2as

02 = 152 + 2a(50)

- 152 = 2a(50)
-2.25 m/s2 = a
 KINEMATICS

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

A car is traveling at a speed of 80 ft/s when the brakes are suddenly applied,
causing a constant deceleration of 10 ft/s2. Determine the time required to stop
the car and the distance traveled before stopping.

t = 8 s, s = 320 ft
 KINEMATICS

FREE FALL
Case 2 : Object Thrown Upward
Case 1 : Object Going Downward

At the highest level the

velocity is zero
 KINEMATICS

FREE FALL

The referee tosses the coin up with an initial speed of 5.00m/s.

In the absence if air resistance, how high does the coin go above
its point of release?

VF = VO + gt s = VOt + ½ gt2 VF2 = VO2 + 2gs

02 = 52 + 2(-9.81)(s)

- 52 = 2(-9.81)(s)
1.27 m = s
 KINEMATICS

FREE FALL

2. A brick is dropped from the roof of a building. The brick strikes the ground
after 5 seconds.
a. How tall, in meters, is the building (magnitude only)?
b. What is the magnitude of the brick’s velocity just before it reaches the
ground?
VF = VO + gt s = VOt + ½ gt2 VF2 = VO2 + 2gs
h = (0)(5) + ½ (9.81)(5)2
Vo = 0 Vf2 = 02 + 2(9.81)(122.5)
h = 122.5 m
g = -9.81 Vf = 49m/s
t = 5s
PROJECTILE
MOTION
 INTRODUCTION

Projectile - Motion along a curved path or trajectory

“A Projectile is any body that is given initial velocity and then

follows a path determined by the effects of gravitational
acceleration & air resistance.”

Consider a projectile (ball) thrown at an angle instead horizontally

 PROJECTILE MOTION
+y
Vy = 0
V1y V1
V = Vx
V2x

V1x Δymax or H V2

Vo V2y
Voy
VFx
θ
+x
(0,0) Vox θ
Origin R

−y VFy VF

* VF = Velocity @ impact ≠ 0 VFx = x-comp of VF VFy = y-comp of VF

VO = Initial/Project Velocity VOx = x-comp of VO VOy = y-comp of VO
V = Velocity @ Highest point Vx = x-comp of V Vy = y-comp of V
Vn = Velocity @ a certain point Vnx = x-comp of V1x, Vny = y-comp of V1y, V2y..etc

Ex V1, V2 V2x..etc
 PROJECTILE MOTION
Considering X components
For a projectile , the HORIZONTAL component of
the velocity is CONSTANT
+y
V = Vx = Vox
t
V2x = Vox

V1x = Vox

VFx = Vox
θ
+x
(0,0) Vox θ
Origin
s
−y

Using Kinematics Equation (2) to Since VX ‘s are the same :

determine “s “ at any time (t) Hence aX = 0
S = VOXt + ½ aXt2 S = VOXt
 PROJECTILE MOTION
Considering X components
 PROJECTILE MOTION
Considering Y components
For a projectile , the VERTICAL component of the
velocity is NOT CONSTANT
+y
Vy = 0
V1y
V
t

Δy = h V2y
Voy
θ
+x
(0,0) θ
Origin Using Kinematics Equation (2) to determine Δy
or h at any time (t)
−y VFy
h = VOYt + ½ aYt2
aY = g = − 9.8m/s2 = − 980cm/s2 = − 32 ft/s2
h = VOYt + ½ gt2
 PROJECTILE MOTION
Considering Y components
PROJECTILE MOTION EQUATIONS
MAXIMUM HEIGHT [ H ] RANGE [ R ]
Δy = VOYt + ½ gt2 Δy = H
H = VOYt + ½ gt2 VOY = VO sin θ Δx = VOXt Δx = R
@ H , VY = 0 R = VOXT VOX= VO cos θ
VY = VOY + gt t=?
0 = + VO sinθ + g t T=? t = (VO sinθ) / g
but we are using g as – 9.8 m/s
T = 2t = (2VO sinθ) / g
0 = + VO sinθ − gt
(VO sinθ) R = {(VO cos θ)} {2(VO sinθ) / g}
t=
g R = VO2 [2(cos θ)(sinθ)] / g
H = VOYt + ½ gt2 Recall : sine of sum of two angles
but we are using g as – 9.8 m/s sin (θ+β) = cos β sin θ + sin β cos θ
H = VOYt − ½ gt2 Let θ = β
sin (2θ) = cos θ sin θ+ sin θ cos θ
(VOsinθ)(VOsinθ) g [(VO sinθ)]2 sin (2θ) = 2cos θ sin θ
H= −
g 2 g2 [VO 2 (sin2θ)]
(VOsinθ)2 (VO sinθ)2 R=
H= − g
g 2g
JUST FOR RANGE & MAX. H :
(VOsin θ)2
H= g=+ 9.8 m/s2 = + 980 cm/s2 = + 32 ft/s2
2g
PROJECTILE MOTION EQUATIONS

X - Component Y - Component
VOX = VOcosθ VOY = VOsinθ

VOX = VX = V1x = V2x = VnX VnY = VOY + gt

s = VOX t VY = 0 (at max. Height)

h = VOY t + ½ gt2

VnY2 = VOY2 + 2gh

 PROJECTILE
PROBLEM 1

A bullet is fired at an initial velocity of 350 m/s and at an angle of 50° with
the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance. Determine:
(a) The range, (b) The travel time of the bullet before hitting the ground

(a) The range (b) The travel time of the bullet before
hitting the ground
 PROJECTILE
PROBLEM 2

A bullet is fired at an angle of 75° with the horizontal with an initial

velocity of 420 m/s. How high can it travel after 2 seconds? How far
horizontally did it travel after that same 2 seconds?

(a) (b)
 PROJECTILE
PROBLEM 3

ANS. 34.3539m and

8.6784m
he maximum height of its trajectory.
vA = 49.8If ft/s,
it takes
= 76.0E,
t = 1.5hs=to39.7
travel
ft from A to B, determine the v

KINEMATICS

PROBLEM 4

The boy throws a snowball such that it strikes the wall of the building at the
maximum height of its trajectory. If it takes t = 1.5 s to travel from A to B,
determine the velocity Va, at which it was thrown, the angle of release, and height

Va = 49.8 ft/s, angle = 76.0E, h = 39.7 ft

 KINEMATICS

BANKED CURVES

On a frictionless banked curve, the centripetal force is the horizontal component of the normal
force. The vertical component of the normal force balances the car’s weight.
v2
tan  
rg

With Friction:
 KINEMATICS

BANKED CURVES

The turns at the Daytona International Speedway have a maximum radius of 316 m and are
steely banked at 31 degrees. Suppose these turns were frictionless. At what speed would
the cars have to travel around them?

v2 v  rg tan 
tan  
rg
v 316 m 9.8 m s2 tan 31

v  43 m s 96 mph 
 WORK

COLLISIONS

The Coefficient of Restitution (COR) of two colliding objects is typically a

positive real number between 0.0 and 1.0 representing the ratio of speeds after and
before an impact, taken along the line of the impact. On equations below, Let m =
mass, u = Vo, v = Vf
 WORK

COLLISIONS

Coefficient of Restitution (COR)

A bouncing basketball captured with a stroboscopic flash at 25 images per

second: Ignoring air resistance, the square root of the ratio of the height of
one bounce to that of the preceding bounce gives the coefficient of
restitution for the ball/surface impact.
 WORK

COLLISIONS

TYPES OF COLLISIONS A perfectly inelastic collision has a coeffi

of restitution of 0.
Perfectly Inelastic Collisions
Two objects collide and stick together. Kinetic energy is not
constant. KE is converted to sound and internal energy as
objects deform.
 WORK

COLLISIONS

Inelastic Collisions
Two objects deform during the collision so that the KE
decreases, but the objects move separately after collision

An inelastic collision has a coefficient of

restitution of 0 < e < 1
 WORK

COLLISIONS

A perfectly elastic collision has a coefficie

restitution of 1.
Perfectly Elastic Collisions
After collision, two objects remain separate.
Remain same shape after collision.
Both momentum and KE remain the same
 WORK

PROBLEM 1

Two gliders with different masses move toward each other on a frictionless
air track. After they collide, glider B has a final velocity of +2.0 m/s What
is the final velocity of glider A?
 WORK

PROBLEM 1
 WORK

PROBLEM 1
 WORK

PROBLEM 1

The changes in velocities are:

 WORK

PROBLEM 2

We repeat the collision described in the previous problem, but

this time equip the gliders so that they stick together when they
collide. Find the common final x-velocity.
 WORK

PROBLEM 2
 PRACTICE PROBLEM

PROBLEM 1

A stone is thrown vertically upward and return to earth in 10 sec.

What was its initial velocity?

a. 33.44 m/sec c. 49.05
b. 20.25 d. 76.43

How high did it go?

a. 322.461 m c. 331.440
b. 122.625 d. 523.545
 PRACTICE PROBLEM

PROBLEM 2

A car is traveling 30 m/s and approaches 10 m from an intersection

when the driver sees a pedestrian and slams on his brakes and
decelerates at a rate of 50 m/s2.

How long does it take the car to come to a stop?

a. 0.6 sec c. 0.8
b. 0.7 d. 0.9

How far does the car travel before coming to a stop?

a. 10 m c. 9
b. 11 d. 8
 PRACTICE PROBLEM

PROBLEM 3

An exit ramp on a certain interstate has a radius of curvature of

75m. If the ramp is banked 20 degrees, what is the maximum speed
that can safely be executed?

a. 45.2 m/s c. 22.1

b. 16.4 d. 21.1