Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Human Glands
Human Glands
EXOCRINE SYSTEM
Follicle-stimulating Hormone:
• Follicle-stimulating hormone is a glycoprotein made up of one α-
subunit and a β-subunit.
OTHER HORMONES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
CONT…
3. Median eminence.
2. Oxytocin.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY OR
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS CONT….
• Posterior pituitary does not secrete any hormone.
Antidiuretic Hormone:
1. Retention of water
2. Vasopressor action.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY OR NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
CONT….
Oxytocin:
• In females oxytocin acts on mammary glands for the
ejection of milk
• Oxytocin acts on uterus causes cervix dilates and the fetus
descends through the birth canal
• Contraction of uterus and helps in the expulsion of fetus
• Action of oxytocin on non-pregnant uterus is to facilitate
the transport of sperms through female genital tract up to
the fallopian tube by producing the uterine contraction
during sexual intercourse
POSTERIOR PITUITARY OR NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
CONT….
• In males the release of oxytocin increases during ejaculation.
• Facilitates release of sperm into urethra by causing contraction of
smooth muscle fibers in reproductive tract, particularly vas deferens.
Thyroid Gland
• Thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland.
• Present in neck consisting of two
connected lobes.
• Lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by
a thin band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus.
• The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: the
two thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine
(T3) and thyroxine (T4)) and calcitonin
• Thyroxine and it forms about 90% of the total
secretion, whereas T3 is only 9% to 10%.
• Thyroid hormones have two major effects on
the body:
1. To increase basal metabolic rate.
2. To stimulate growth in children.
ABNORMAL SECRETION OF THYROID
HORMONES
Hyperthyroidism:
• Increased secretion of thyroid hormones is called hyperthyroidism.
• Hyperthyroidism Leads to :
1. Graves’ disease - Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease
and it is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
• Normally TSH combines with surface receptors of thyroid cells and
causes the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
• Graves’ disease, the B lymphocytes (plasma cells) produce
autoimmune antibodies called thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies
2. Thyroid adenoma- localized tumor develops in the thyroid
tissue. It is known as thyroid adenoma and it secretes large quantities of
thyroid hormone
ABNORMAL SECRETION OF THYROID
HORMONES CONT.….
Hypothyroidism:
• Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones is called hypothyroidism.
• Hypothyroidism leads to
1. Myxedema in adults - Myxedema occurs due to diseases
of thyroid gland, genetic disorder or iodine deficiency, also caused by
deficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone
2. Cretinism in children - occurs due to congenital absence
of thyroid gland, genetic disorder or lack of iodine in the diet.
• Newborn baby with thyroid deficiency may appear normal at the
time of birth because thyroxine might have been supplied from
mother
• Unless treated immediately, the baby will be mentally retarded
permanently.
ABNORMAL SECRETION OF THYROID
HORMONES CONT.….
Goiter in Hyperthyroidism:
Goiter in Hypothyroidism:
• Non-toxic Goiter - Non-toxic goiter is the enlargement of thyroid gland
Hypoparathyroidism:
• Hyposecretion of PTH is called hypoparathyroidism. It leads to
Hyperparathyroidism:
• Hypersecretion of PTH is called hyperparathyroidism. It results in
hypercalcemia.
ADRENAL GLANDS
• Exocrine glands are glands that secrete substances onto an epithelial surface
by way of a duct
• Lacrimal gland produces tears which then flow into canals that
connect to the lacrimal sac. From that sac, the tears drain
through the lacrimal duct into the nose.
SEBACEOUS GLAND: