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Introduction Endocrinology (Adh & Oxytocin)
Introduction Endocrinology (Adh & Oxytocin)
THE Introduction
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and
Endocrine secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body
that regulate the activity of cells or organs.
System
ENDOCRINOLOGY is the understanding of hormone
secretion, hormone action and principle of feedback control.
2 The endocrine system is evaluated primarily by measuring
hormone concentrations.
Most disorders of the endocrine system are amenable to
effective treatment once the correct diagnosis is determined.
• Hormones are chemical signals.
· The endocrine system consists of:
· Endocrine cells which are hormone-secreting cells and
· Endocrine glands which are hormone-secreting
organs.
• Specific target cells respond to specific hormones.
These hormones regulate the body's
growth, metabolism (the physical and
chemical processes of the body), and
sexual development and function.
• Homeostasis
• Growth and Development
• Reproduction
• Energy Metabolism
• Behavior
blood glucose low
stimulates
inhibits
blood glucose high
response
hormones
endocrine receptor target
cell protein cell
response
hormones
endocrine intracellular target
cell receptor cell
Tropic hormones- stimulate
the production and secretion of
hormones by other endocrine
glands; ex. TSH
Nontropic hormones-
stimulates cellular growth,
metabolism, or other functions;
ex. thyroxine
Fig. 45-10
Major endocrine glands:
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Organs containing
Thyroid gland endocrine cells:
Parathyroid glands Thymus
Heart
Liver
Adrenal
glands Stomach
pituitary gland
Produces melatonin (synthesized
from seratonin, a derivative of
tryptophan)
• Secreted directly in CSF to blood
• High levels at night make us sleepy; low level during day
• Pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by
light
• Function in regulating circadian rhythms (sleep, body
temp, appetite) biological clock
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
Posterior
Anterior Pituitary
Pituitary
THE PITUITARY GLAND
The Pituitary
Gland Is In Your
Brain
It is also known as the Hypophysis!
The Pituitary Gland Is…
the size of a pea!
Types of cells:
1) acidophils
2) basophils
3) chromophobes
Prolactin (PRL):
Anterior • Stimulates and maintains milk production by the mother’s breasts after
Lobe childbirth.
Posterior
Lobe Oxytocin:
Hormone
• Released in significant amounts during childbirth and nursing in women.
Functions: • Stimulates powerful contractions of the uterine muscle.
• Causes milk ejection (“let-down reflex”) during nursing.
53
For the hormones that are regulated by the
pituitary gland, a signal is sent from the
hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in the form
of a "releasing hormone," which stimulates the
pituitary to secrete a "stimulating hormone" into
the circulation.
The stimulating hormone then
signals the target gland to secrete
its hormone.
HORMONES
1. Oxytocin
2. Anti-diuretic hormone
TWO HORMONES
Antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin) controls
the rate of water excretion into the urine, thus helping to
control the concentration of water in the body fluids.
(V1 receptor, vascular smooth muscle, Phospholipase C)
(V2 receptor, epithelial cells (kidney, cyclic AMP)