Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater Harvesting
INTRODUCTION
Rainwater harvesting means,Delibarate collection and storage of rain water. An average of 8% to 12% of total rainfall recharges ground water aquifers. The technique of rainwater harvesting involves catching the rain from localized catchment surfaces such as roof of a house, plain and sloping ground
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From Roof tops & stored in tanks individually, In Kunds of Thar Dessert, By Kaul Irrigation, By Bamboo Rainwater Harvest
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Artificial recharge techniques. Ground water conservation techniques. Rooftop rainwater harvesting techniques.
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CONTOUR BUNDS
Adopted in low rainfall area. Constructed across the slope the land. Not recommended for clayey soils.
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CONTOUR TRENCHES
Constructed hill slope, degraded land and barren waste land. Adopted in high-and low-rainfall areas.
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Constructed to impend the flow of surface water in the stream channel. Water is retained for longer duration in pervious soil or rock surface. Generally constructed across bigger streams having gentle slope.
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PERCOLATION PONDS
Prevalent in alluvial and hard rock formations. These are submerging highly permeable land. Efficiency and feasibility in hard rock.
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RECHARGE BASINS
Constructed parallel to ephemeral or intermittent stream channels. They are excavated or are enclosed by dykes and levees. Water contact area75% to 90% of total recharge area.
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Similar to bore wells constructed for augmenting GW storage in deeper aquifer. Advantageous when land is scarce, desaturated and to arrest the ingress of sea water
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Existing dug/tube/bore wells used alternatively as recharge wells. Used in areas where de-saturation of aquifers taken place. Soil moisture losses get reduced.
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RECHARGE PIT
Excavated pits. Deeper than recharge basins. Infiltration occurs laterally through walls of the pit. Recharging capacity increases with c/s area.
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RECHARGE SHAFTS
Most efficient and cost-effective to recharge aquifers directly. Recharge shafts constructed to augment recharge into deeper aquifers having low permeability.
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Involves collection of water from the roof and stored into the tank. Collection of water from the roof and used to recharge GW table.
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RTRWH
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Components :Roof catchments. Drain pipes. Gutters. Down pipe. First flush pipe. Filter unit. Storage tank. Collection sump. Pump unit.
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RRHS
Advantages:1. Rainwater Run-off can be harvested and utilized. 2. Reduces drainage congestion in urban areas. 3. Help to recharge groundwater. 4. Economical and eco-friendly. 5. Improves quality of ground water through dilution.
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Rainwater is often used for drinking and cooking and so it is vital that the highest possible quality standards are met. It does not meet the WHO water quality guidelines,hence it can be used other than drinking. Australian government has given the all clear for the consumption of rainwater provided the rainwater is clear, has little taste or smell, and is from a well-maintained system.
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CONCLUSION:
India reaches much of its rainfall in just 100 hrs in a year usually during monsoon period. If this water is not captured or stored, the rest of the year experiences a precious situation manifest in water scarcity. More and more schemes of water supply being undertaken in rural areas only on the basis of groundwater resources. However, no steps are taken to recharge the groundwater reservoirs. Hence, in it is essential to take necessary steps to recharge groundwater reservoirs by percolation tanks, rock fill 32 dams, contour trenching and bunding, check dams,
CONCLUSION (Cont..d)
Due to urbanization, the rate of infiltration has been reduced drastically and most of the runoff is wasted. Hence individual rainwater harvesting schemes are to be undertaken so that water is collected from the roofs and surrounding areas and can be used throughout the year for all purpose except drinking and cooking and hence, load on water supply schemes of local authorities can be reduced. For successful implementation of any method of rainwater harvesting, active participation of public is a must.
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REFERENCES :
Making water everybodys business practice and policy of water harvesting, edited by Anil Agarwal, Sunita Narain and Indira Khurana. (Center for science and environment). www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com
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