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Gen & Genom Tumbuhan
Gen & Genom Tumbuhan
10/306997/PMU/6710 11/322094/PMU/6977
genomes
variation
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What is GENE?
Region of DNA or RNA that encode for a polypeptide or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism A modern definition : "a locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions, and or other functional sequence regions
What is GENOME?
GENOME is all of a living thing's genetic material, includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences encoded either in DNA or RNA
Endosymbiotic evolution
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These proteins are histone proteins. The complex DNA protein is called chromatin, while the structure formed by two turns of DNA around one histone is called a nucleosome.
DNA containing genes is called euchromatin Non-genic DNA is called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin and euchromatin stain differently. This difference causes the bands we see in a karyotype.
Genome composition
Euchromatin (genes) usually contains a higher proportion of GC. Euchromatin has more unique DNA sequences. Heterochromatin (non-coding) usually contains a higher proportion of AT. Heterochromatin contains more repetitive sequence.s
Result of recombination from male and female DNA polymerase DNA polymerase I, low DNA polymerase 1, 2, 3 and proofreading activity with intrinsic proofreading activity
Countinued
CENTROMERE
TELOMERES
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The telomeres of most organisms' chromosomes consist of short sequence-asymmetric repeated sequences. Lengths are typically greater than 50 repeats in holotrichous ciliates, less than 350 repeats in Arabidopsis and 300 to 500 bp in Saccharomyces. A Drosophila chromosome, an exception, has a transposable element at the end of one of its chromosomes. Examples:
telomere Sentromere
Knob
Class 1 TEs use RNA intermediates to move around and undergo duplicative transposition Class 2 TEs are excised during transposition and may undergo cut and paste transposition with no duplication or gap repair where the gap is filled with a copy of the transposon Autonomous elements contain necessary genes for transposition Non-autonomous elements rely on products of other elements for transposition
Class II Transposons
Move by a "cut and paste" process: the transposon is cut out of its location and inserted into a new location Requires a transposase to cut and insert DNA fragment. Transposon has terminal inverted repeats Excision generates direct repeats (~ target insertion sites)
CONCLUSION
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The genomes are very dynamic Genome of plant is located in nuclues, mitochondria and chloroplast Genetic element is changed at different scales: Gene Chromosome segments Genome
Literature
1. Jenik, P.D. Jurkuta, R.E. and Barton, M.K. 2005.
Interactions between the cell cycle and embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis uncovered by a mutation in DNA polymerase epsilon. Plant Cell 17: 33623377
Divergent Roles for the Two PolI-Like Organelle DNA Polymerases of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 156 (1): 254-262 Nature 441: 398-401
7. Casacuberta and Santiago, 2003, Plant LTRretransposons and MITEs: control of transcription and impact on the evolution of plants genes and genomes. Elsevier Gene 311 (2003) 1-11.
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