More than 80 countries are due to head to the polls this year, including some of the wealthiest and most powerful, the most populous, the most authoritarian and the most fragile. Many votes will test the limits of democracy, while others will be exercises in rubber-stamping. Some will be boycotted by the opposition or undermined by government crackdowns on press and dissenters. Keep track of all the results and upcoming polls with our election tracker:
January
BHUTAN
30 November 2023 – 9 January 2024: The tiny Himalayan kingdom elected the liberal former prime minister Tshering Tobgay and his People’s Democratic Party (PDP) with a large majority. Tobgay has vowed to promote the investment needed to boost the country’s $3bn economy and address the unemployment that is driving an increasing number of young Bhutanese abroad, mainly to Australia, in search of better opportunities.
BANGLADESH
![Anti-government protestors display Bangladesh’s national flag as they storm prime minister Sheikh Hasina’s palace in Dhaka on 5 August.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/34bd877e9a33f65892a872cc1b0669716eb6725d/0_68_3332_2000/master/3332.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
7 January: Prime minister Sheikh Hasina won a fifth term in office in an election that was overshadowed by a ruthless crackdown on the opposition and voter turnout of just 40%. In the months leading up to the election, tens of thousands of opposition leaders and rank and file party members were arrested en masse with at least nine dying in jail in the three months preceding the election. In August, Hasina was forced to resign and flee the country after mass student-led protests that began over a quota system they said disproportionately allocated government jobs to the descendants of freedom fighters from the 1971 independence war.
TAIWAN
13 January: Taiwan elected Lai Ching-te as its next president, ushering in a historic third term in power for the pro-sovereignty Democratic Progressive party (DPP) and angering Beijing. Two days after the elections, China managed to reduce the number of Taiwan’s formal diplomatic allies to just 12, and has also begun increasing its military threats, with warplanes frequently entering Taiwanese airspace.
COMOROS
![Opposition supporters destroy a billboard image of Comoros president Azali Assoumani and his Convention for the Renewal of Comoros party.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0733462bcf6fccaaaabbe88b593ab96f3738ab02/0_140_4200_2520/master/4200.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
14 January: President Azali Assoumani won a fourth five-year term more than two decades after he first came to power in a coup. Though the country experienced three democratic transitions of power after he first stepped down in 2006, his return in elections in 2016 have since seen him erode democratic mechanisms. After January’s vote opposition candidates alleged fraud and ballot-stuffing.
TUVALU
![A woman places her vote into a ballot box on election day in Funafuti, the capital of the south Pacific nation of Tuvalu](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0752e4675e3288715392299ba509d94419085fe2/0_284_4258_2555/master/4258.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
26 January: Former attorney general and fisheries official Feleti Teo was elected as prime minister by MPs a month after general elections closely watched by Taiwan, China, the US and Australia amid a geopolitical tussle for influence in the Pacific. Tuvalu, with a population of about 11,200 spread across nine islands, is one of three remaining Pacific allies of Taiwan. Prior to the elections there had been calls for the new parliament to debate recognition of China and review a cooperation deal with Australia. But after his election Teo reaffirmed the country’s “long-term and lasting special relationship” with Taiwan.
FINLAND
28 January-11 February: Centre-right former prime minister Alexander Stubb won an election runoff against rival Pekka Haavisto in what was seen as the country’s most high-stakes presidential election in a generation. It was the country’s first poll since it joined Nato and took place amid escalating geopolitical drama on the border with Russia.
February
EL SALVADOR
![El Salvador president Nayib Bukele, accompanied by his wife, Gabriela Rodriguez, addresses supporters from the balcony of the presidential palace in San Salvador, El Salvador, after polls closed on 4 February](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e98f9b07880c126c9e581d4c0cc36da92877c598/0_255_8525_5118/master/8525.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
4 February: President Nayib Bukele won a thumping victory after voters rewarded him for a fierce gang crackdown that has transformed security in what was once one of the world’s most dangerous countries. But his second term was unconstitutional and his New Ideas party’s sweep of parliamentary seats means Bukele will wield unprecedented power. Analysts also suggest that the suspension of civil liberties and imprisonment of more than 2% of the country’s adult population – many without charge – is unsustainable.
MALI
Were scheduled for 4 February: The junta said in September it would postpone presidential elections set for February – which was already a two-year delay on what was agreed by interim authorities after the 2020 coup led by Colonel Assimi Goïta. It appears the military plans to hang on to power indefinitely in the west African country, which has suffered an upsurge in terrorist violence since the military takeover.
AZERBAIJAN
7 February: President Ilham Aliyev won his fifth term with over 90% of votes in elections observers said were neither free nor fair. He had called the poll early after recapturing the breakaway region of Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia last year and launching a crackdown on independent journalists.
HAITI
Were due by 7 February 2024: Elections were supposed to happen in 2023 with an earlier agreement in place for power to have been transferred by 7 February 2024. But since the assassination of president Jovenel Moïse in 2021, Haiti has descended into crisis and there are no longer any elected officials. In the latest bout of violence, gang leaders launched attacks on key institutions and infrastructure in Port-au-Prince while prime minister Ariel Henry was in Kenya in February, seeking support for a UN-backed force to stabilise the country. Gang leader Jimmy Chérizier, a former elite police officer known as “Barbecue” called for Henry’s ousting and said he would try to capture the country’s police chief and government ministers. While abroad, Henry pledged to hold parliamentary elections by mid 2025 but it was unclear if and when he would be able to return.
PAKISTAN
![Supporters of Imran Khan’s PTI party protest against alleged rigging in general elections in Peshawar, Pakistan](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/52a541c162a4850c97228e5f87f42e8078a89c02/0_0_5760_3456/master/5760.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
8 February: Despite opposition from the powerful military and a state-led crackdown, the PTI party of jailed former prime minister Imran Khan won the most votes in legislative elections. However after days of wrangling and political horse-trading a coalition including the rival Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PLM-N) and the Pakistan People’s party (PPP) agreed to form the next government with Shehbaz Sharif as prime minister and ensure that that the PTI party could not take power.
INDONESIA
14 February: Prabowo Subianto, a 72-year-old former general who was dismissed from the military amid allegations he was involved in kidnapping and torture in the 1990s, is on course to win the presidency in the world’s third largest democracy with more than half of votes counted – as of early March there was still no final result. Prabowo has always denied wrongdoing but the results have provoked fear among rights activists that accountability for past atrocities will fade even further under his leadership, and that his future government will have little regard for human rights.
BELARUS
![Maria Kolesnikova, one of Belarus’s opposition leaders, at a rally in Minsk in August 2020. She has since been jailed for 11 years and no one has heard from her since February last year](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/02101653a474bfe78ca1c14196d6bcdec28fd4c0/0_62_5664_3398/master/5664.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
25 February: There were no surprises in parliamentary elections denounced by the US as a sham, the first since presidential polls won by longtime dictator Alexander Lukashenko sparked widespread protests in 2020. He has since cracked down even harder on opposition figures, including his main challenger, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, who is now in exile. But the elections saw the All-Belarusian People’s Assembly become an official organ with immense powers, after a constitutional change made last year. According to one analyst, “It’s a step on the path to a Belarus without its contested leader Alexander Lukashenko, even if it’s impossible to say how long that path will be.” After the election, Lukashenko said that parliament’s role would continue to be expanded, but also announced that he would run for a seventh term in 2025.
CAMBODIA
25 February: The ruling Cambodian People’s party (CPP) claimed a landslide victory in Senate elections and set the stage for former prime minister Hun Sen to officially return to politics. Last year Hun Sen, who had ruled the country for almost four decades, handed power to his son, military general Hun Manet, just a month after parliamentary elections widely criticised as a sham. Party spokesperson Sok Eysan said Hun Sen had won a seat and confirmed the CPP would nominate the former leader as the president of the Senate – allowing him to act as head of state when the king is overseas – when it convenes in April. Human rights activists had warned ahead of the polls that the country, where opposition leaders have been jailed, was “continuing on its descent into authoritarianism”.
March
IRAN
![An Iranian woman walks next to a wall painting of Iran’s national flag on a street in Tehran](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2c549214af7f03057660a6729a59a49df7c4dc82/0_193_5397_3239/master/5397.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
1 March: Elections for parliament (Majlis) and the Assembly of Experts, the body which chooses the Supreme Leader, saw turnout of just 41%, the lowest since the 1979 Islamic revolution that swept the clerical rulers into power. The vote – the first since the massive protests sparked by the death of Kurdish woman Mahsa Amini in police custody in 2022 – was seen as a test of the clerical establishment’s legitimacy amid mounting economic struggles and a lack of electoral options for a mostly young population chafing at political and social restrictions. With heavyweight moderates and conservatives staying out and reformists calling the election not free and unfair, the contest was essentially among hardliners and low-key conservatives, all proclaiming loyalty to revolutionary ideals. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei disqualified reformist former president Hassan Rouhani from running for the assembly.
PORTUGAL
10 March: Portugal’s centre-right Democratic Alliance ousted the Socialist government with the narrowest of victories in a snap election that saw a surge in support for the far-right Chega party. Under its leader, Luís Montenegro, the alliance made up of the Social Democratic party (PSD) and two smaller conservative parties formed a minority government and was sworn in early April, but its stability is still a concern as it needs the support of either the Chega party or the centre-left PS to pass legislation.
RUSSIA
![Russian president Vladimir Putin and his Belarusian counterpart, Alexander Lukashenko](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/4c1071e57d8c305990999df5a6066516922043a3/0_52_4190_2515/master/4190.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
15-17 March: Vladimir Putin claimed a landslide victory and a fifth term in presidential elections that were widely condemned as neither free nor fair by the west. The government said Putin won 87.28% of the vote and that turnout was the highest in history at 74% of the electorate – results that used to appear only in Russia’s most despotic regions, such as Chechnya. There was no meaningful opposition; just a month before the election the country’s most prominent opposition leader, Alexei Navalny, died in mysterious circumstances in prison in Siberia. The elections were also seen as an attempt to gain a mandate for Putin’s war in Ukraine and voting took place in the four partially occupied regions of Ukraine – a message to locals that there is no alternative to Russian control.
SLOVAKIA
23 March: Nationalist-left government candidate Peter Pellegrini won Slovakia’s presidential election ahead of liberal, pro-western opposition candidate Ivan Korčok in a run-off poll. Pellegrini is a close ally of the pro-Moscow, populist prime minister Robert Fico. The vote was seen as a demonstration of how the country feels about Fico’s comeback last year after being forced to resign amid mass protests in 2018. Pellegrini’s victory cements Fico’s grip on power by giving him and his allies control of major strategic posts.
SENEGAL
24 March: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, a leftwing pan-Africanist, was sworn in as Senegal’s youngest president after a stunning election victory. He swept to a first-round win just 10 days after being released from prison. Faye’s election is being seen as a damning rejection of Macky Sall, the former president who was in power for 12 years. Faye is pledging radical reform with systemic change, greater sovereignty and calm after years of deadly turmoil, but faces major challenges in passing new laws as he lacks a majority in the national assembly.
UKRAINE
![Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskiy](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0fc4c3074339e90ef499609f81046f7d85430a3f/0_112_3000_1801/master/3000.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
Was due by 31 March: Ukraine was due a presidential election by the spring – Volodymyr Zelenskiy’s five-year term is up. Under martial law, elections are suspended, but observers say a vote that acts as a safety valve to release internal tensions and popular discontents would be a worthwhile exercise – even if Putin tried to bomb it.
NORTH KOREA
Were expected by March: Elections to the hermit state’s rubber-stamp National Assembly were expected to be held in March. However the month passed with no indication a poll was about to take place. Observers have suggested the delay may be down to a constitutional amendment the Kim Jong-un regime wants to make regarding relations with Seoul. Elections usually feature a 99.99% turnout, with 100% backing the ruling Workers’ party.
April
KUWAIT
4 April: The official Kuna news agency said opposition candidates won 29 seats in the 50-member assembly, matching the outcome of last year’s parliamentary elections. Kuwait bans political parties and candidates run as independents. Two hundred candidates competed, the lowest number in over five decades. The elections took place after new emir, Sheikh Mishal al-Ahmad al-Sabah, who took over from his late brother in December, dissolved parliament in February after a lawmaker reportedly insulted the ruler, the latest in a series of dissolutions.
SOUTH KOREA
10 April: Liberal opposition parties scored a landslide victory in parliamentary elections, dealing a resounding blow to sitting President Yoon Suk-yeol and his conservative party but falling just short of a super majority. Support for the already unpopular Yoon had sunk further after a scandal over a Dior bag allegedly given to his wife. In the wake of the poll, senior ruling party politicians offered to resign to take responsibility for its heavy defeat, including the prime minister, Han Duk-soo. The Democratic party (DP) won 161 out of 254 directly contested seats, while the PPP won 90 seats. The Democratic party leader, Lee Jae-myung, said: “When voters chose me, it was your judgment against the Yoon Suk-yeol administration.”
CROATIA
17 April: The ruling HDZ party won parliamentary elections but with fewer seats than before and without a majority in what was seen as a popularity test for prime minister Andrej Plenkovic. The conservative HDZ has dominated politics since Croatia’s independence from a crumbling federal Yugoslavia in 1991 but has been scarred by multiple corruption scandals. Plenkovic secured a third term after agreeing a coalition with the far-right Homeland Movement (DP). The country is expected to hold a presidential election in December.
SOLOMON ISLANDS
![Solomon Islanders queue up to vote in Honiara.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/6b3dbb1122f5f131bee31df154c832af1c22050b/0_0_5500_3301/master/5500.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
17 April: Two weeks after a parliamentary election failed to deliver a majority to any party, lawmakers chose ex-diplomat Jeremiah Manele as their new prime minister. Manele, who was foreign minister when Solomon Islands turned its back on Taiwan and established diplomatic relations with Beijing in 2019, has pledged to continue his country’s embrace of China. While this stance may ring alarm bells in the US and Australia, which had voiced concern over a 2022 security pact that Solomon Islands signed with China, analysts say Manele is a less polarising figure than his predecessor, Manasseh Sogavare.
INDIA
![Indian prime minister Narendra Modi arrives at the BJP’s headquarters to deliver a speech in New Delhi on Tuesday.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/70679da7cb1675646f393b0080efd5115b4be345/0_0_4846_3027/master/4846.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
19 April – 1 June: Narendra Modi’s ruling Bharatiya Janata party (BJP) lost its parliamentary majority, dealing an unexpected blow to the prime minister. Instead of the predicted landslide, voters pushed back against the strongman leader and his Hindu nationalist politics in swathes of the country. Nonetheless, together with the BJP’s political allies, known as the national democratic alliance (NDA), its win amounts to about 292 seats, which is enough to form a majority government to rule for the next five years and return Modi to office for a third term. The results were a surprisingly sweet outcome for India’s battered and bruised political opposition, particularly the BJP’s main rival, Indian National Congress, which had been written off by many pundits and analysts prior to the polls as too weak and disorganised.
MALDIVES
21 April: Voters backed President Mohamed Muizzu’s tilt towards China and away from traditional benefactor India, with his party winning control of parliament in an election landslide. Muizzu’s People’s National Congress (PNC) won 66 of the first 86 seats declared, according to the Elections Commission of Maldives, already more than enough for a super-majority in the 93-member parliament. The vote was seen as a crucial test for Muizzu’s plan to press ahead with closer economic cooperation with China, including building thousands of apartments on controversially reclaimed land.
TOGO
29 April: Incumbent president Faure Gnassingbe’s ruling Union for the Republic party (UNIR) won 108 of 113 seats in parliamentary elections, allowing him to extend his rule under a constitutional reform that has been denounced by the opposition. Under new rules approved by lawmakers in April, Gnassingbe will instead be able to take a new post as “president of the council of ministers”, a role similar to prime minister that is automatically assumed by the leader of the majority party under the new parliamentary system. The overall president – the head of state – will have a mostly ceremonial role and be elected by parliament. As president of the council of ministers, Gnassingbe, in power since 2005 after the death of his father, will be able to stay in power without term limits.
May
PANAMA
![Supporters of former Panamanian president and presidential candidate Ricardo Martinelli at a rally in Panama City in February](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d1ec0eab7f282dba5c9ad3880251fc00e62ae392/0_120_5311_3188/master/5311.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
5 May: Former security minister José Raúl Mulino won presidential elections after standing in at short notice for former president Ricardo Martinelli, who was barred after being handed an 11-year sentence for money laundering in 2023. Martinelli played a key role in drumming up support for Mulino while holed up in the Nicaraguan embassy, where he has sought asylum. The pro-business, rightwing president will have to grapple with a slowed economy, historic levels of migration, a drought that is handicapping transit in the Panama Canal and the economic aftermath of mass anti-mining protests in 2023.
CHAD
6 May: Chad’s constitutional council confirmed junta chief Mahamat Idriss Déby as winner of the presidential election after dismissing challenges by two losing candidates – cementing a victory that extended his family’s decades-long rule. Déby, who seized power the day rebels killed his father, President Idriss Déby, in 2021 and declared himself interim leader, won 61% of the vote, well ahead of second-placed candidate Succes Masra with 18.54%, the council said. The election was marred by opposition calls for a boycott and the shooting dead of one expected candidate in February.
THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
19 May: The hugely popular incumbent, Luis Abinader, won almost 60% in the first round of a presidential election, voiding the need for a runoff. The 56-year-old centrist has benefited from a strong post-Covid recovery, his crusade against corruption and a hardline stance on migrants from neighbouring Haiti, with which he closed his country’s border last year. However crime, cited in travel warnings by the US state department, ranks in polls as a major issue for citizens of the Dominican Republic. While the economy has soared, Abinader’s critics say he has work to do in taming inflation and inequality that have left behind many citizens.
LITHUANIA
12-26 May: Independent incumbent Gitanas Nausėda won more than 70% of votes in a run-off presidential election against prime minister, Ingrida Šimonytė. The campaign was dominated by the war in Ukraine and fears over a potential attack on Lithuanian territory by neighbouring Russia; both candidates supported increasing defence spending to at least 3% of GDP. Lithuania will also hold parliamentary elections this year.
MADAGASCAR
![Madagascan president Andry Rajoelina rides in a pickup truck as he greets supporters during his re-election campaign, in Toamasina, in November 2023.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a618e485d427baf9d2b3dce79713ea8d13245d19/0_133_4000_2400/master/4000.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
29 May: Legislative elections took place months after President Andry Rajoelina was re-elected in a vote marred by low turnout, an opposition boycott and accusations of fraud. Despite its wealth of resources, 75% of the population of the island nation off the south-east of Africa lives below the poverty line. Rajoelina’s government has been accused of sliding towards dictatorship – it banned public protests last year and has cracked down on opposition. Results are expected to be announced between 8 and 18 June.
SOUTH AFRICA
![Supporters of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) during the party’s manifesto launch at Moses Mabhida stadium in Durban in February.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0ce9f6fe929326985337141acfa76f5417797136/0_120_3600_2160/master/3600.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
29 May: The African National Congress (ANC) party lost its majority for the first time in 30 years of full democracy, as voters punished the party of Nelson Mandela after years of corruption, leadership scandals, power cuts and high rates of crime and unemployment. However, it still emerged as the largest party, with 40% of the vote, and has now launched coalition talks. It has various options, including linking up with the new MK party of former president Jacob Zuma, although the MK party’s leaders have said they will not work with the ANC while President Cyril Ramaphosa remains its leader. Other possibilities include a coalition with the pro-business Democratic Alliance (DA) or the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), a Marxist-Leninist party led by the ousted ANC youth leader Julius Malema.
June
ICELAND
1 June: Halla Tómasdóttir won the presidential election with 34% of votes, beating former prime minister Katrin Jakobsdóttir into second place. The role is largely ceremonial, acting as a guarantor of the constitution and national unity, although Icelandic presidents have in the past refused to sign unpopular legislation. Tómasdóttir, a 55-year-old entrepreneur and former head of the country’s chamber of commerce who also ran unsuccessfully for the post eight years ago, will be sworn in on 1 August, taking over from former history professor Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson.
MEXICO
![Mexican President-elect Claudia Sheinbaum raises her arms in celebration](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d6c7b5ca74f9801ee0fdfa3977eca3940cc97641/0_12_5192_3116/master/5192.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
2 June: Claudia Sheinbaum won a landslide victory to become Mexico’s first female president, and its first Jewish president. The leftwing climate scientist and former mayor of Mexico City was boosted by the popularity of her mentor and outgoing leader, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, whose social programmes she vowed to continue. But the poll was also the most violent in modern history, with more than 30 candidates killed and hundreds more dropping out as criminal groups vied to install friendly leaders; one of Sheinbaum’s biggest tasks will be trying the stem the surge in gang-related violence in recent years. The new president will also face tense negotiations with the White House over the huge flows of US-bound migrants crossing Mexico.
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
![Alternative for Germany (AfD) co-chairman Tino Chrupalla (R) and deputy chairwoman Alice Weidel (L) celebrate after European elections in Berlin](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/72484e722c7c502c325e94d397a041bb3d67ec70/0_210_4530_2718/master/4530.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
6-9 June: Parties on the populist right made stunning gains in European parliamentary elections across the 27-nation bloc; despite that, the pro-European centre appeared to have held. In France, Emmanuel Macron called snap legislative elections after the crushing defeat of his allies by Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Rally, while in Germany, Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s coalition had a bad night as the far-right Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) made significant gains. The far-right also won large shares of the vote in Italy, Austria, Hungary and the Netherlands. But the centre-right European People’s party (EPP), which topped the polls in Spain and Poland, won the largest number of seats, and its lead candidate, Ursula von der Leyen,later secured a second term as European Commission president. Nevertheless, the narrowing overall majorities for mainstream pro-European parties could mean the blocking or slowing of laws on Europe’s green deal and the taking of a harder line on other areas of EU sovereignty including migration, enlargement and support for Ukraine.
BELGIUM
9 June: Prime minister Alexander De Croo resigned after his Flemish Liberals and Democrats party (Open VLD) suffered heavy defeats in parliamentary elections. A new government is likely to coalesce around the rightwing New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), which beat its arch-rival, the far-right Vlaams Belang, into second place in the key Dutch-speaking Flanders region. But the French-speaking liberal party, Mouvement Reformateur, was the biggest in Brussels and French-speaking Wallonia, setting the country on course for months of challenging coalition talks. Belgium is infamous for its lengthy coalition negotiations: after the last elections in 2019 it took more than 650 days before a government was formed.
BULGARIA
9 June: The party of conservative former premier Boyko Borisov won the most votes in snap parliamentary elections – the sixth in three years – with almost 25%. But it is likely to continue to struggle to find partners to govern after massive anti-corruption protests in 2020 ended Borisov’s almost decade-long rule, indicating that political instability in the EU’s poorest country is unlikely to end. Reformist grouping PP-DB slumped to between 14 and 15% – down from the almost 25 percent they got in the last snap polls last year. The election was marked by apathy, with turnout the lowest for a national election since the end of communism, at around 30%.
MAURITANIA
![Supporters of Mauritanian President Mohamed Ould Cheikh Ghazouani celebrate in Nouakchott.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/87b37480d4b52f3f86aad20e913a83b4554715e3/0_8_3988_2394/master/3988.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
22 June: President Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, whose party won a comfortable victory in parliamentary elections last year, won a second term with over 56% of the vote. His election in 2019 represented the first peaceful transfer of power in the West African country’s history and he has overseen its relative stability in the increasingly violent Sahel region. However his main rival, anti-slavery activist Biram Dah Abeid, who won 22.14%, rejected the initial results, alleging irregularities. Prior to the election, the third place candidate, Hamadi Sidi El Mokhtar, had also said he would not accept the results if he suspected rigging.
MONGOLIA
28 June: The ruling Mongolian People’s party (MPP) emerged from elections with its parliamentary majority significantly diminished, after a campaign dominated by concern over endemic corruption and the high cost of living. In the new State Great Khural, the country’s unicameral parliament, the MMP will hold 54% of the seats, compared to about 80% in 2020, a result analysts said was a rebuke of the party and its leadership. The elections were the first to take place since major changes were made to the system last year, increasing the number of seats in the chamber from 76 to 126 and reducing the number of electoral districts from 29 to 13.
July
UNITED KINGDOM
4 July: Labour leader Keir Starmer was swept to power in a landslide victory that marked an end to 14 years of Conservative rule, the last half of which was dominated by the economic and political fallout from Brexit and a rotating carousel of Tory prime ministers. However, Starmer’s win was more down to the deep unpopularity of the Conservatives than to enthusiasm for him and his party; thanks to the UK’s first-past-the-post system Labour won more than 60% of parliamentary seats on just 33.8% of the vote, just 1.7% percentage points more than it won in 2019. The Tories won 23.7% of votes – down a massive 19.9 percentage points, with many of their voters switching to smaller parties including the populist Reform party. Starmer now faces a groaning in-tray, with the country facing crises in multiple areas including migration, environment, prisons, the health service and housing.
IRAN
![New Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e0af1e43994ba9135ce1756f029e371931e8504f/0_0_4584_2751/master/4584.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
28 June-5 July: The reformist Masoud Pezeshkian pulled off a stunning victory in the presidential runoff, reflecting deep dissatisfaction with the direction of the country in recent years and opening potential new avenues of cooperation with the west. Pezeshkian defeated the ultra-conservative Saeed Jalili on a turnout of 49.8% – a big increase on the record low turnout of 39% recorded in the first round. Pezeshkian has been an advocate of letting women choose whether to wear the hijab and ending internet restrictions that require the population to use VPN connections to avoid government censorship. But the former heart surgeon faces a minefield in trying to bring about change; Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, wields ultimate authority and under his rule the government has increasingly cracked down on dissent.
FRANCE
![People celebrate parliamentary election results that saw the left wing NFP alliance win the most seats in Paris’s central Place de la République.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a00bb12320b7db3e9b7f6ef9fe0f70db08b8b364/0_246_4724_2835/master/4724.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
30 June-7 July: A leftwing alliance won the most parliamentary seats in a surprise result that kept Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Rally – opinion polls had predicted it would win the most seats for the first time in French history – from taking power, but also meant no party gained an absolute majority. The country, which has no history of coalition governments and which in modern times has always had a dominant party in parliament, now faces a period of uncertainty. The results were a rebuke to President Emmanuel Macron, who called the snap elections after his centrist alliance was trounced by the far right in European Parliament elections in May; he now faces the three remaining years of his term with an even more fragmented parliament, weakening his own position domestically and abroad.
RWANDA
15 July: There were no surprises in an election that saw President Paul Kagame, who has ruled with an increasingly iron fist since coming to power after the genocide in 1994, win 99.1% of the vote. The 66-year-old has been credited with bringing unity, stability and development to the small, landlocked country. But critics have accused his administration of suppressing dissent and trampling on human rights. At least five opposition politicians and four government critics and journalists have died or disappeared in suspicious circumstances since the 2017 election, according to Human Rights Watch. Rwandan officials have denied any wrongdoing.
VENEZUELA
![Protesters at a rally called by presidential candidate Edmundo González Urrutia and opposition leader Maria Corina Machado in Caracas as they disputed election results.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a82126c420c3ed5c91b5be041abd6cc6213c4269/0_179_8021_4815/master/8021.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
28 July: Venezuelan authorities launched a fresh crackdown after tens of thousands of people took to the streets following the announcement that President Nicolás Maduro had won re-election with 51% of the vote. Western countries including the US said the official results were not credible and recognised opposition candidate Edmundo González – who replaced the popular María Corina Machado on the ballot after she was banned from running – as the winner. Maduro, who took power in 2013 after the death of his mentor, Hugo Chávez, has presided over a spectacular economic collapse; despite owning the world’s largest oil reserves Venezuela’s economy shrank by 80% in the eight years to 2022.
BURKINA FASO
![Supporters of Burkina Faso president Ibrahim Traore hold photographs of Traore at a donation ceremony in Ouagadougou in January to receive Russian wheat](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/f8d8a99c3b094ea788bfe7bf0c750b8b8caec1b6/0_140_4200_2520/master/4200.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
Were scheduled for July: Elections scheduled for this year have been postponed for five years by the junta that seized power from the democratically-elected government two years ago. Since then security in the country has rapidly worsened as the government cracks down on Islamist militants, with both sides accused of the mass killings of civilians. Observers suggest junta leader Capt. Ibrahim Traoré’s refusal to stick to a 24-month transition timetable set out by Ecowas in July 2022 suggests he intends to cling on to power.
SYRIA
15 July: President Bashar Assad’s ruling Ba’ath party won a majority of seats in the 250-seat parliament on a turnout of 38%, further cementing his grip on power. The elections, the fourth since anti-government protests descended into a bloody civil war 13 years ago and which were criticised by the west as neither free nor fair, were expected to pave the way for a further extension of Assad’s term.
August
KIRIBATI
14-19 August: President Taneti Maamau reached the end of his second term in May and was required to call an election within three months, according to the constitution. Kiribati is a collection of atolls that sit in the central Pacific Ocean and like Solomon Islands, it is an ally of China. The vote will take place against the backdrop of a long-running judicial and constitutional crisis, with limited legal services available and no court of appeal.
September
ALGERIA
7 September: Only one candidate has so far stepped forward to challenge President Abdelmajid Tebboune, the 78-year-old backed by the military and elected in 2019. Zoubida Assoul of the Union for Change and Progress is a 67-year-old lawyer best known for defending political prisoners. Tebboune, who has not officially announced a run for re-election, vowed to reach out to the pro-democracy protesters who ousted his predecessor but harsh punishments for government critics have continued under his reign.
SRI LANKA
![Police fire teargas to disperse supporters of the opposition National Peoples Power (NPP) party during a protest to urge the government to hold local council elections as scheduled in Colombo in February last year](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/309228359489607f8af31a629cbd3d078bb512b1/0_83_4825_2895/master/4825.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
21 September: Ranil Wickremesinghe, the six-time former PM who was brought back as caretaker president from political near obsolescence in 2022 as the country grappled with its worst economic crisis since independence, is seeking another term. However he has limited public support; despite an improvement in the economic situation attempts to raise revenue by increasing electricity bills and raising income tax have caused public upset. His main rivals will be opposition leader Sajith Premadasa and Anura Dissanayake, the leader of a leftist political party that has gained in popularity over the past two years.
AUSTRIA
29 September: The far-right Freedom Party (FPÖ) has led in the polls since late 2022 and is on course to win with about 30% of the vote in parliamentary polls, with the centre-left Social Democratic party (SPÖ) and the centre-right Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) competing for second place on around 20%. After the debacle of the 2019 Ibiza scandal, the FPÖ has regained the confidence of far-right voters with criticism of Covid lockdowns and EU sanctions on Russia and could provide Austria’s next chancellor in one of Europe’s most significant votes this year. The party came first in European elections for the first time in June, though with a smaller margin than opinion polls had suggested.
October
BOTSWANA
Expected October: One of Africa’s most stable democracies, Botswana’s elections are shaping up to be the most competitive ever, according to observers. The president is indirectly elected by the National Assembly. President Mokgweetsi Masisi will be running for re-election with the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), which has held a parliamentary majority for decades, but the opposition Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) coalition has been boosted by success in 2022 byelections.
TUNISIA
6 October: President Kais Saied has cracked down on the opposition and the press since suspending parliament in 2021. Subsequent elections have been boycotted by the opposition and marked by extremely low turn out – just 8.8% in the parliamentary polls held in December 2022 and 11% in the runoffs a month later. In August several potential presidential candidates were jailed and banned from running for office in what critics said was a move designed to ensure Saied’s re-election for a second term.
LITHUANIA
By 6 October, second round two weeks later: A coalition of centre-right parties led by the Homeland Union and current prime minister Ingrida Simonyte will be fighting to retain power after weathering an expenses scandal last year.
MOZAMBIQUE
9 October: Violent – and deadly – protests broke out after local elections in the east African country in October 2023 amid allegations of vote rigging; the ruling party, Frelimo, was declared the winner in 64 out of 65 municipalities. Frelimo has ruled Mozambique since independence in 1975. Observers suggest last year’s polls offer a taste of what to expect in the presidential and legislative elections scheduled for a year later.
MOLDOVA
![A Moldovan demonstrator bangs a spoon on a dish next to another holding a religious icon during a protest on behalf of the Sor opposition party in Chisinau in March last year](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/36c4c27b76b4a47a6e3167c2b645d45108182187/0_247_7788_4676/master/7788.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
20 October: Pro-European president Maia Sandu will be running for a second term in an election that will be closely watched for signs of Russian interference. Sandu has made EU membership the cornerstone of her programme since defeating the country’s most prominent opposition figure, Socialist pro-Russian then-president Igor Dodon, by a landslide in December 2020. In 2023 she accused Moscow of plotting a coup against her. Moldova is also set to hold a referendum on EU membership; if the vote passes and turnout exceeds 33%, an addendum to the constitution will declare EU integration “the strategic goal of the Republic of Moldova”.
GEORGIA
![A demonstration in Tbilisi against Georgian Dream’s ‘foreign agents’ bill in March 2023](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2a8775ea2d625bd2d1091bc093e4f4b8e404e3b7/0_0_3954_2373/master/3954.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
26 October: Georgian Dream, led by prime minister Irakli Kobakhidze, remains the country’s most popular party, but it has lost ground since winning the last legislative elections in 2020 and it is unclear if it can hang on to its slim majority this time round. On paper, the ruling party wants to move closer to the west and is pursuing EU and Nato membership, with support from its overwhelmingly pro-western population. In reality however, Georgians fear that Russia is already taking over their country by stealth aided by their own government. Press freedom has been eroded in recent years and civil society activists say Georgian Dream party is answerable just to one man, its billionaire founder, Bidzina Ivanishvili.
URUGUAY
27 October (first round); 24 November (runoff): The current president can’t run again, which makes this election an eagerly watched race. Some observers say it should reinforce the view that Uruguay is one of the strongest democracies in the world. The polls are too close to call, but analysts name among the leading contenders as Montevideo’s mayor and electrical engineer Carolina Cosse from the Frente Amplio (FA) party, as well as Álvaro Delgado, a veterinarian by trade from the ruling Partido Nacional (PN) party.
November
JORDAN
Expected by November: Parliamentary elections are scheduled for later this year though no firm date has been set and the country is largely apathetic towards them. The last polls, in 2020, were marred by low turnout amid the Covid epidemic. The country’s parliamentary system is structured so that urban areas – Islamist and Palestinian strongholds – have far fewer MPs per voter than the countryside, whereas sparsely populated tribal and provincial cities which form a bedrock of support for the kingdom’s Hashemite monarchy send the majority of deputies to parliament.
NAMIBIA
![Namibian president Nangolo Mbumba shakes hands with his vice-president Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah in February.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e7f9c11f9dd214d6615ff369aad09e319397fd32/0_367_5500_3300/master/5500.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
November: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, the ruling Swapo party’s candidate, could become the southern African nation’s first female president should she win elections planned for November. Swapo has won every previous presidential election since independence from South Africa in 1990 but its share of the vote has been declining.
UNITED STATES
![Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump pumps his fist after being grazed by a bullet during a rally on 13 July.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/af8b6f79104192ee607af62170deff0498e6de27/0_103_3104_1863/master/3104.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
5 November: The US’ 60th presidential election was upended in July when Democratic President Joe Biden bowed to growing pressure amid concerns over his age and health and stepped aside to allow his vice president, Kamala Harris, to run instead. If elected, Harris would be the first woman, first Black woman, and first south Asian to win the US presidency and her campaign immediately sparked a wave of enthusiasm that appeared to put Republican candidate Donald Trump on the back foot. Polls remain tight however in a race that observers have warned is a “powder keg”; Trump narrowly survived an assassination attempt in July and has repeatedly suggested he would not accept the election results if he loses.
SOMALILAND
13 November: Presidential elections in Somalia’s breakaway region have been postponed for two years and the opposition has accused President Muse Bihi Abdi of trying to hold on to power longer than his five-year term. But opposition parties in January approved changes made to electoral law meant to improve transparency and previous elections have seen transitions of power between parties.
SOUTH SUDAN
![South Sudanese president Salva Kiir in 2020](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/376b379f1d5e87932707f91a12d36d486b1b5a34/0_5_5275_3166/master/5275.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
Late 2024: President Salva Kiir – in power since before Africa’s youngest nation voted for independence in 2011 – has repeatedly postponed general elections until now. Holding free and fair polls will present a huge challenge to the fledgling nation, which has been embroiled in a conflict for the past decade that has cost an estimated 400,000 lives and in which three-quarters of the population depends on aid.
MAURITIUS
30 November: The ruling Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), which has led the government since 2009, will be seeking to retain its parliamentary majority in one of Africa’s most stable democracies. Victory would grant prime minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth, who took over from his father in 2017, a new five-year term.
ROMANIA
November and December: Local, parliamentary and presidential ballots due before the end of the year make 2024 a crunch electoral year as support for the far-right Alliance for the Unity of Romanians (AUR) climbs steadily. Polls suggest the anti-establishment, pro-Russian party, which emerged from nowhere in 2020 to score 9%, could take 19% of the vote in the parliamentary election, level with the Liberal party (PNL) – potentially depriving the centre-right party and the Social Democrats (PSD, forecast to win 30%), who have governed in coalition for the past 10 years, of an absolute majority. A PSD candidate, Nato deputy secretary-general Mircea Geoană, currently leads the presidential race, but AUR leader George Simion is a contender.
PALAU
November: Palau will hold general elections in November in which President Surangel Whipps Jr. will seek another term. The archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean is an independent country with a Compact of Free Association with the US. Its relationship with Washington including delays over funding, along with continued ties with Taiwan, will be among the issues facing voters.
December
GHANA
![Ghana’s vice-president and presidential candidate from the ruling New Patriotic party (NPP), Dr Mahamudu Bawumia, at the launch of his campaign in Accra in February](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/b88870853a14500f60fc3d7f1608597fa3b5bb2f/0_183_5500_3300/master/5500.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
7 December: The west African country is undergoing its worst economic crisis in a generation, a subject set to dominate the campaign ahead of the vote to succeed President Nana Akufo-Addo. Vice-president Mahamadu Bawumia, a 60-year-old economist, will run for the ruling New Patriotic Party (NPP), facing off against former president John Mahama. But his presidential prospects may be threatened by his role as the face of economic policy throughout the presidency of Akufo-Addo.
GUINEA-BISSAU
![French president Emmanuel Macron and Guinea-Bissau’s president, Umaro Sissoco Embalo, gesture to the crowd in front of the presidential palace in Bissau in July 2022](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/00b96cba69b199c063d875bc8b6b4a70823c2d38/0_311_8192_4918/master/8192.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none)
Expected December: No firm date has yet been set for this year’s presidential election and candidates have not yet been announced but analysts suggest it could be a rematch between 2019’s close-run match-up between President Umaro Sissoco Embalo and leader of the opposition PAIGC party Domingos Simões Pereira. The poll will take place in an atmosphere of political uncertainty – Embalo dissolved parliament in December, accusing the government of “passivity” in the face of an attempted coup.
GUINEA
Expected in December: After a junta seized power from the country’s first democratically elected president in 2021, it is hoped this year’s planned legislative and presidential elections will be a step back on the road to democracy. Junta leader Col. Mamady Doumbouya has announced a constitutional referendum to take place this year and agreed an election roadmap with regional body Ecowas, but has failed to provide much transparency or a timeline.
UZBEKISTAN
Expected in December: The Central Asian nation is to hold its first legislative polls since President Shavkat Mirziyoev – who won a third term last year in what monitors said was a poll “lacking genuine competition” – signed into law a mixed majority and proportional electoral system. However there is little opposition in a country where the media are tightly controlled and the government cracks down on any form of dissent.
Reuters, Associated Press and Agence France-Presse contributed to this report