Vol 30, No. 13 Supplement – Infectious Diseases and Carceral Health
Introduction
Carceral Health is Public Health
EID | Hagan LM, Mosites E, Hughes-Baker L, Butler J. Carceral Health is Public Health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):1-4. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.240258 |
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AMA | Hagan LM, Mosites E, Hughes-Baker L, et al. Carceral Health is Public Health. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):1-4. doi:10.3201/eid3013.240258. |
APA | Hagan, L. M., Mosites, E., Hughes-Baker, L., & Butler, J. (2024). Carceral Health is Public Health. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.240258. |
COVID-19
Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Response in Correctional and Detention Facilities
The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected persons held in and working in correctional and detention facilities, causing facilities’ traditional priorities to shift when healthcare and public health needs temporarily drove many aspects of operations. During July–August 2022, we interviewed members of health departments and criminal justice organizations to document lessons learned from the COVID-19 response in correctional settings. Participants valued enhanced partnerships, flexibility, and innovation, as well as real-time data and corrections-specific public health guidance. Challenges included cross-sector collaborations, population density, scarcity of equipment and supplies, and mental health. Most participants reported improved relationships between criminal justice and public health organizations during the pandemic. Lessons from COVID-19 can be applied to everyday public health preparedness and emergency response in correctional facilities by ensuring representation of correctional health in public health strategy and practice and providing timely, data-driven, and partner-informed guidance tailored to correctional environments when public health needs arise.
EID | Waddell C, Meehan A, Schoonveld M, Kaplan Z, Bien M, Bailey C, et al. Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Response in Correctional and Detention Facilities. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):5-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230776 |
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AMA | Waddell C, Meehan A, Schoonveld M, et al. Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Response in Correctional and Detention Facilities. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):5-12. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230776. |
APA | Waddell, C., Meehan, A., Schoonveld, M., Kaplan, Z., Bien, M., Bailey, C....Hagan, L. M. (2024). Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Response in Correctional and Detention Facilities. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230776. |
Lessons Learned from Cross-Systems Approach to COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Juvenile Justice System, Colorado, USA
The global COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the importance of a close partnership between public health and juvenile justice systems when responding to communicable diseases. Many setting-specific obstacles must be navigated to respond effectively to limit disease transmission and negative health outcomes while maintaining necessary services for youth in confinement facilities. The response requires multidisciplinary expertise and collaboration to address unique considerations. Public health mitigation strategies must balance the risk for disease against the negative effects of restrictions. Key aspects of the COVID-19 response in the juvenile justice system of Colorado, USA, involved establishing robust communication and data reporting infrastructures, building a multidisciplinary response team, adapting existing infection prevention guidelines, and focusing on a whole-person health approach to infection prevention. We examine lessons learned and offer recommendations on pandemic emergency response planning and managing a statewide public health emergency in youth confinement settings that ensure ongoing readiness.
EID | Tunstall AM, O’Brien SC, Monaghan DM, Burakoff A, Marquardt RK. Lessons Learned from Cross-Systems Approach to COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Juvenile Justice System, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):13-16. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230782 |
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AMA | Tunstall AM, O’Brien SC, Monaghan DM, et al. Lessons Learned from Cross-Systems Approach to COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Juvenile Justice System, Colorado, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):13-16. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230782. |
APA | Tunstall, A. M., O’Brien, S. C., Monaghan, D. M., Burakoff, A., & Marquardt, R. K. (2024). Lessons Learned from Cross-Systems Approach to COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Juvenile Justice System, Colorado, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230782. |
Lessons Learned from Public Health and State Prison Collaborations during COVID-19 Pandemic and Multifacility Tuberculosis Outbreak, Washington, USA
The large COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons in the Washington (USA) State Department of Corrections (WADOC) system during 2020 highlighted the need for a new public health approach to prevent and control COVID-19 transmission in the system’s 12 facilities. WADOC and the Washington State Department of Health (WADOH) responded by strengthening partnerships through dedicated corrections-focused public health staff, improving cross-agency outbreak response coordination, implementing and developing corrections-specific public health guidance, and establishing collaborative data systems. The preexisting partnerships and trust between WADOC and WADOH, strengthened during the COVID-19 response, laid the foundation for a collaborative response during late 2021 to the largest tuberculosis outbreak in Washington State in the past 20 years. We describe challenges of a multiagency collaboration during 2 outbreak responses, as well as approaches to address those challenges, and share lessons learned for future communicable disease outbreak responses in correctional settings.
EID | Gurrey SO, Strick LB, Dov LK, Miller JS, Pecha M, Stalter RM, et al. Lessons Learned from Public Health and State Prison Collaborations during COVID-19 Pandemic and Multifacility Tuberculosis Outbreak, Washington, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):17-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230777 |
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AMA | Gurrey SO, Strick LB, Dov LK, et al. Lessons Learned from Public Health and State Prison Collaborations during COVID-19 Pandemic and Multifacility Tuberculosis Outbreak, Washington, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):17-20. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230777. |
APA | Gurrey, S. O., Strick, L. B., Dov, L. K., Miller, J. S., Pecha, M., Stalter, R. M....Newman, L. P. (2024). Lessons Learned from Public Health and State Prison Collaborations during COVID-19 Pandemic and Multifacility Tuberculosis Outbreak, Washington, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 17-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230777. |
Surveillance
Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater and Individual Testing Results in a Jail, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Institution-level wastewater-based surveillance was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, including in carceral facilities. We examined the relationship between COVID-19 diagnostic test results of residents in a jail in Atlanta, Georgia, USA (average population ≈2,700), and quantitative reverse transcription PCR signal for SARS-CoV-2 in weekly wastewater samples collected during October 2021‒May 2022. The jail offered residents rapid antigen testing at entry and periodic mass screenings by reverse transcription PCR of self-collected nasal swab specimens. We aggregated individual test data, calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient, and performed logistic regression to examine the relationship between strength of SARS-CoV-2 PCR signal (cycle threshold value) in wastewater and percentage of jail population that tested positive for COVID-19. Of 13,745 nasal specimens collected, 3.9% were COVID-positive (range 0%–29.5% per week). We observed a strong inverse correlation between diagnostic test positivity and cycle threshold value (r = −0.67; p<0.01). Wastewater-based surveillance represents an effective strategy for jailwide surveillance of COVID-19.
EID | Saber LB, Kennedy SS, Yang Y, Moore KN, Wang Y, Hilton SP, et al. Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater and Individual Testing Results in a Jail, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):21-27. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230775 |
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AMA | Saber LB, Kennedy SS, Yang Y, et al. Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater and Individual Testing Results in a Jail, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):21-27. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230775. |
APA | Saber, L. B., Kennedy, S. S., Yang, Y., Moore, K. N., Wang, Y., Hilton, S. P....Spaulding, A. C. (2024). Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater and Individual Testing Results in a Jail, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230775. |
Development and Evaluation of Surveillance System for Identifying Jail-Associated COVID-19 Cases in Minnesota, USA, 2022
Confinement facilities are high-risk settings for the spread of infectious disease, necessitating timely surveillance to inform public health action. To identify jail-associated COVID-19 cases from electronic laboratory reports maintained in the Minnesota Electronic Disease Surveillance System (MEDSS), Minnesota, USA, the Minnesota Department of Health developed a surveillance system that used keyword and address matching (KAM). The KAM system used a SAS program (SAS Institute Inc., https://www.sas.com) and an automated program within MEDSS to identify confinement keywords and addresses. To evaluate KAM, we matched jail booking data from the Minnesota Statewide Supervision System by full name and birthdate to the MEDSS records of adults with COVID-19 for 2022. The KAM system identified 2,212 cases in persons detained in jail; sensitivity was 92.40% and specificity was 99.95%. The success of KAM demonstrates its potential to be applied to other diseases and congregate-living settings for real-time surveillance without added reporting burden.
EID | Porter LJ, Rapheal E, Huebsch R, Bastian T, Robinson TJ, Chakoian H, et al. Development and Evaluation of Surveillance System for Identifying Jail-Associated COVID-19 Cases in Minnesota, USA, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):28-35. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230719 |
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AMA | Porter LJ, Rapheal E, Huebsch R, et al. Development and Evaluation of Surveillance System for Identifying Jail-Associated COVID-19 Cases in Minnesota, USA, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):28-35. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230719. |
APA | Porter, L. J., Rapheal, E., Huebsch, R., Bastian, T., Robinson, T. J., Chakoian, H....Zipprich, J. (2024). Development and Evaluation of Surveillance System for Identifying Jail-Associated COVID-19 Cases in Minnesota, USA, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230719. |
Outbreaks and Investigations
Candida auris in US Correctional Facilities
Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen that typically affects patients in healthcare settings. Data on C. auris cases in correctional facilities are limited but are needed to guide public health recommendations. We describe cases and challenges of providing care for 13 patients who were transferred to correctional facilities during January 2020–December 2022 after having a positive C. auris specimen. All patients had positive specimens identified while receiving inpatient care at healthcare facilities in geographic areas with high C. auris prevalence. Correctional facilities reported challenges managing patients and implementing prevention measures; those challenges varied by whether patients were housed in prison medical units or general population units. Although rarely reported, C. auris cases in persons who are incarcerated may occur, particularly in persons with known risk factors. Measures to manage cases and prevent C. auris spread in correctional facilities should address setting-specific challenges in healthcare and nonhealthcare correctional environments.
EID | Hennessee I, Forsberg K, Erskine J, Charles A, Russell B, Reyes J, et al. Candida auris in US Correctional Facilities. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):36-40. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230860 |
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AMA | Hennessee I, Forsberg K, Erskine J, et al. Candida auris in US Correctional Facilities. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):36-40. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230860. |
APA | Hennessee, I., Forsberg, K., Erskine, J., Charles, A., Russell, B., Reyes, J....Lyman, M. (2024). Candida auris in US Correctional Facilities. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230860. |
Outbreak of Invasive Serratia marcescens among Persons Incarcerated in a State Prison, California, USA, March 2020–December 2022
Serratia marcescens is an environmental gram-negative bacterium that causes invasive disease in rare cases. During 2020–2022, an outbreak of 21 invasive Serratia infections occurred in a prison in California, USA. Most (95%) patients had a history of recent injection drug use (IDU). We performed whole-genome sequencing and found isolates from 8 patients and 2 pieces of IDU equipment were closely related. We also identified social interactions among patients. We recovered S. marcescens from multiple environmental samples throughout the prison, including personal containers storing Cell Block 64 (CB64), a quaternary ammonium disinfectant solution. CB64 preparation and storage conditions were suboptimal for S. marcescens disinfection. The outbreak was likely caused by contaminated CB64 and propagated by shared IDU equipment and social connections. Ensuring appropriate preparation, storage, and availability of disinfectants and enacting interventions to counteract disease spread through IDU can reduce risks for invasive Serratia infections in California prisons.
EID | Kamali A, Ferguson D, Dowless H, Ortiz N, Mukhopadhyay R, Schember C, et al. Outbreak of Invasive Serratia marcescens among Persons Incarcerated in a State Prison, California, USA, March 2020–December 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):41-48. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230801 |
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AMA | Kamali A, Ferguson D, Dowless H, et al. Outbreak of Invasive Serratia marcescens among Persons Incarcerated in a State Prison, California, USA, March 2020–December 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):41-48. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230801. |
APA | Kamali, A., Ferguson, D., Dowless, H., Ortiz, N., Mukhopadhyay, R., Schember, C....Kimura, A. (2024). Outbreak of Invasive Serratia marcescens among Persons Incarcerated in a State Prison, California, USA, March 2020–December 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230801. |
Health Belief Model to Assess Mpox Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Residents and Staff, Cook County Jail, Illinois, USA, July–August 2022
In summer 2022, a case of mpox was confirmed in a resident at the Cook County Jail (CCJ) in Chicago, Illinois, USA. We conducted in-depth interviews with CCJ residents and staff to assess mpox knowledge, attitudes, and practices; hygiene and cleaning practices; and risk behaviors. We characterized findings by using health belief model constructs. CCJ residents and staff perceived increased mpox susceptibility but were unsure about infection severity; they were motivated to protect themselves but reported limited mpox knowledge as a barrier and desired clear communication to inform preventive actions. Residents expressed low self-efficacy to protect themselves because of contextual factors, including perceived limited access to cleaning, disinfecting, and hygiene items. Our findings suggest correctional facilities can support disease prevention by providing actionable and tailored messages; educating residents and staff about risk and vaccination options; and ensuring access to and training for hygiene, cleaning, and disinfecting supplies.
EID | Hassan R, Meehan AA, Hughes S, Beeson A, Spencer H, Howard J, et al. Health Belief Model to Assess Mpox Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Residents and Staff, Cook County Jail, Illinois, USA, July–August 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):49-55. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230643 |
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AMA | Hassan R, Meehan AA, Hughes S, et al. Health Belief Model to Assess Mpox Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Residents and Staff, Cook County Jail, Illinois, USA, July–August 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):49-55. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230643. |
APA | Hassan, R., Meehan, A. A., Hughes, S., Beeson, A., Spencer, H., Howard, J....Hagan, L. M. (2024). Health Belief Model to Assess Mpox Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Residents and Staff, Cook County Jail, Illinois, USA, July–August 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230643. |
Prevention
RISE-Vac—Co-Production of Vaccine Education Materials with Persons Living in Prison
Increasing vaccination knowledge is effective in addressing hesitancy and is particularly important in populations deprived of liberty who may not routinely have access to health information, ensuring health equity. RISE-Vac is a European Union–funded project aiming to promote vaccine literacy, offer, and uptake in prisons in Europe. We consulted persons living in prisons in the United Kingdom (through the Prisoner Policy Network), France, and Moldova to determine their vaccination knowledge gaps, the information they would like to receive, and how they would like to receive it. We received 344 responses: 224 from the United Kingdom, 70 from France, and 50 from Moldova. Participants were particularly interested in learning about the effectiveness, side effects, and manufacturing of vaccines. Their responses guided the development of educational materials, including a brochure that will be piloted in prisons in Europe. Persons with experience of imprisonment were involved at every stage of this project.
EID | Laryea-Adekimi F, D’Arcy J, Bardelli A, Mieuset A, Busmachiu V, Barbiros I, et al. RISE-Vac—Co-Production of Vaccine Education Materials with Persons Living in Prison. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):56-61. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230812 |
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AMA | Laryea-Adekimi F, D’Arcy J, Bardelli A, et al. RISE-Vac—Co-Production of Vaccine Education Materials with Persons Living in Prison. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):56-61. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230812. |
APA | Laryea-Adekimi, F., D’Arcy, J., Bardelli, A., Mieuset, A., Busmachiu, V., Barbiros, I....Roselló, A. (2024). RISE-Vac—Co-Production of Vaccine Education Materials with Persons Living in Prison. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230812. |
Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Youth Correctional Facilities, Utah, USA
We reviewed data obtained in October 2021–May 2023 from youth who reported a history of sexual activity upon admission to 1 of 12 juvenile justice facilities in Utah, USA, that offered screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Urinalysis revealed C. trachomatis positivity of 10.77%, N. gonorrhoeae positivity of 1.08%, and coinfection C. trachomatis N. gonorrhoeae) of 0.90%. Prevalence of infection was similar for youths in rural and urban facilities. A total of 12.01% of those identifying as male and 14.01% of those identifying as female tested positive for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, or coinfection. Of young adults who tested positive, 74.65% received their results while incarcerated, all of whom accepted treatment. Our research underscores the feasibility of providing prompt C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae screening and treatment in juvenile correctional facilities. The pervasiveness of infection emphasizes the urgent need for early identification and treatment for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in incarcerated youth nationwide.
EID | Wolf C, Clifton J, Sheng X. Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Youth Correctional Facilities, Utah, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):62-67. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230712 |
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AMA | Wolf C, Clifton J, Sheng X. Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Youth Correctional Facilities, Utah, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):62-67. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230712. |
APA | Wolf, C., Clifton, J., & Sheng, X. (2024). Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Youth Correctional Facilities, Utah, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230712. |
HIV Risk and Interest in Preexposure Prophylaxis in Justice-Involved Persons
Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is underused in persons who use drugs and justice-involved persons. In an ongoing randomized controlled trial in 4 US locations comparing patient navigation versus mobile health unit on time to initiation of HIV medication or PrEP for justice-involved persons who use stimulants or opioids and who are at risk for or living with HIV, we assessed HIV risk factors, perceived HIV risk, and interest in PrEP. Participants without HIV (n = 195) were 77% men, 65% White, 23% Black, and 26% Hispanic; 73% reported a recent history of condomless sex, mainly with partners of unknown HIV status. Of 34% (67/195) reporting injection drug use, 43% reported sharing equipment. Despite risk factors, many persons reported their risk for acquiring HIV as low (47%) or no (43%) risk, although 51/93 (55%) with PrEP indications reported interest in PrEP. Justice-involved persons who use drugs underestimated their HIV risk and might benefit from increased PrEP education efforts.
EID | Nijhawan AE, Pulitzer Z, Torres B, Noreen N, Schultheis A, Frank C, et al. HIV Risk and Interest in Preexposure Prophylaxis in Justice-Involved Persons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):68-74. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230739 |
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AMA | Nijhawan AE, Pulitzer Z, Torres B, et al. HIV Risk and Interest in Preexposure Prophylaxis in Justice-Involved Persons. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):68-74. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230739. |
APA | Nijhawan, A. E., Pulitzer, Z., Torres, B., Noreen, N., Schultheis, A., Frank, C....Springer, S. A. (2024). HIV Risk and Interest in Preexposure Prophylaxis in Justice-Involved Persons. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230739. |
HIV Care Continuum and Preexposure Prophylaxis Program in Federal Bureau of Prisons, United States
In 2019, the US Department of Health and Human Services launched the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the US initiative (EHE) with the goal of reducing new HIV infections by 90% by 2030. This initiative identifies 4 pillars (diagnose, treat, prevent, and respond) to address the HIV epidemic in the United States. To advance the EHE goals, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) has implemented interventions at all points of the HIV care continuum. The FBOP has addressed the EHE pillar of prevention through implementing preexposure prophylaxis, developing a strategy to decrease the risk of new HIV infection, and providing guidance to FBOP healthcare providers. This article describes the implementation of programs to improve the HIV care continuum and end the epidemic of HIV within the FBOP including a review of methodology to implement an HIV preexposure prophylaxis program.
EID | Huang X, Thompson E, Rodriguez T. HIV Care Continuum and Preexposure Prophylaxis Program in Federal Bureau of Prisons, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):75-79. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230799 |
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AMA | Huang X, Thompson E, Rodriguez T. HIV Care Continuum and Preexposure Prophylaxis Program in Federal Bureau of Prisons, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):75-79. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230799. |
APA | Huang, X., Thompson, E., & Rodriguez, T. (2024). HIV Care Continuum and Preexposure Prophylaxis Program in Federal Bureau of Prisons, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 75-79. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230799. |
Advancing Hepatitis C Elimination through Opt-Out Universal Screening and Treatment in Carceral Settings, United States
Incarcerated persons are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) at rates ≈10 times higher than that of the general population in the United States. To achieve national hepatitis C elimination goals, the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C in incarcerated persons must be prioritized. In 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that all persons receive opt-out HCV screening upon entry into a carceral setting. We review recommendations, treatments, and policy strategies used to promote HCV opt-out universal HCV screening and treatment in incarcerated populations in the United States. Treatment of hepatitis C in carceral settings has increased but varies by jurisdiction and is not sufficient to achieve HCV elimination. Strengthening universal HCV screening and treatment of HCV-infected incarcerated persons is necessary for HCV elimination nationwide.
EID | McNamara M, Furukawa N, Cartwright EJ. Advancing Hepatitis C Elimination through Opt-Out Universal Screening and Treatment in Carceral Settings, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):80-87. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230859 |
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AMA | McNamara M, Furukawa N, Cartwright EJ. Advancing Hepatitis C Elimination through Opt-Out Universal Screening and Treatment in Carceral Settings, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):80-87. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230859. |
APA | McNamara, M., Furukawa, N., & Cartwright, E. J. (2024). Advancing Hepatitis C Elimination through Opt-Out Universal Screening and Treatment in Carceral Settings, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230859. |
Policy
Infection Prevention and Control in Correctional Settings
Correctional facilities house millions of residents in communities throughout the United States. Such congregate settings are critical for national infection prevention and control (IPC) efforts. Carceral settings can be sites where infectious diseases are detected in patient populations who may not otherwise have access to health care services, and as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, where outbreaks of infectious diseases may result in spread to residents, correctional staff, and the community at large. Correctional IPC, while sharing commonalities with IPC in other settings, is unique programmatically and operationally. In this article, we identify common challenges with correctional IPC program implementation and recommend action steps for advancing correctional IPC as a national public health priority.
EID | Kendig NE, Bur S, Zaslavsky J. Infection Prevention and Control in Correctional Settings. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):88-93. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230705 |
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AMA | Kendig NE, Bur S, Zaslavsky J. Infection Prevention and Control in Correctional Settings. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):88-93. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230705. |
APA | Kendig, N. E., Bur, S., & Zaslavsky, J. (2024). Infection Prevention and Control in Correctional Settings. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 88-93. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230705. |
Medicaid Inmate Exclusion Policy and Infectious Diseases Care for Justice-Involved Populations
The Medicaid Inmate Exclusion Policy (MIEP) prohibits using federal funds for ambulatory care services and medications (including for infectious diseases) for incarcerated persons. More than one quarter of states, including California and Massachusetts, have asked the federal government for authority to waive the MIEP. To improve health outcomes and continuation of care, those states seek to cover transitional care services provided to persons in the period before release from incarceration. The Massachusetts Sheriffs’ Association, Massachusetts Department of Correction, Executive Office of Health and Human Services, and University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School have collaborated to improve infectious disease healthcare service provision before and after release from incarceration. They seek to provide stakeholders working at the intersection of criminal justice and healthcare with tools to advance Medicaid policy and improve treatment and prevention of infectious diseases for persons in jails and prisons by removing MIEP barriers through Section 1115 waivers.
EID | Wurcel AG, London K, Crable EL, Cocchi N, Koutoujian PJ, Winkelman T. Medicaid Inmate Exclusion Policy and Infectious Diseases Care for Justice-Involved Populations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):94-99. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230742 |
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AMA | Wurcel AG, London K, Crable EL, et al. Medicaid Inmate Exclusion Policy and Infectious Diseases Care for Justice-Involved Populations. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):94-99. doi:10.3201/eid3013.230742. |
APA | Wurcel, A. G., London, K., Crable, E. L., Cocchi, N., Koutoujian, P. J., & Winkelman, T. (2024). Medicaid Inmate Exclusion Policy and Infectious Diseases Care for Justice-Involved Populations. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 94-99. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.230742. |
About the Cover
Art, Healing, and Carceral Health
EID | Hagan L, Durkin A, VanHouten-Maldonado D, Breedlove B. Art, Healing, and Carceral Health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(13):100-102. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.ac3013 |
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AMA | Hagan L, Durkin A, VanHouten-Maldonado D, et al. Art, Healing, and Carceral Health. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(13):100-102. doi:10.3201/eid3013.ac3013. |
APA | Hagan, L., Durkin, A., VanHouten-Maldonado, D., & Breedlove, B. (2024). Art, Healing, and Carceral Health. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(13), 100-102. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3013.ac3013. |