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Obfuscated Files or Information

Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses.

Payloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Sometimes a user's action may be required to open and Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information for User Execution. The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary. [1] Adversaries may also used compressed or archived scripts, such as JavaScript.

Portions of files can also be encoded to hide the plain-text strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. [2] Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled. [3]

Adversaries may also obfuscate commands executed from payloads or directly via a Command and Scripting Interpreter. Environment variables, aliases, characters, and other platform/language specific semantics can be used to evade signature based detections and application control mechanisms. [4] [5][6]

ID: T1027
Tactic: Defense Evasion
Platforms: Linux, Windows, macOS
Data Sources: Binary file metadata, Email gateway, Environment variable, File monitoring, Malware reverse engineering, Network intrusion detection system, Network protocol analysis, Process command-line parameters, Process monitoring, Process use of network, SSL/TLS inspection, Windows event logs
Defense Bypassed: Application control, Application control by file name or path, Host forensic analysis, Host intrusion prevention systems, Log analysis, Signature-based detection
CAPEC ID: CAPEC-267
Contributors: Christiaan Beek, @ChristiaanBeek; Red Canary
Version: 1.1
Created: 31 May 2017
Last Modified: 20 June 2020

Procedure Examples

Name Description
ADVSTORESHELL

Most of the strings in ADVSTORESHELL are encrypted with an XOR-based algorithm; some strings are also encrypted with 3DES and reversed. API function names are also reversed, presumably to avoid detection in memory.[16][17]

Agent Tesla

Agent Tesla has had its code obfuscated in an apparent attempt to make analysis difficult.[51] Agent Tesla has used the Rijndael symmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt strings.[52]

APT-C-36

APT-C-36 has used ConfuserEx to obfuscate its variant of Imminent Monitor, compressed payload and RAT packages, and password protected encrypted email attachments to avoid detection.[13]

APT18

APT18 obfuscates strings in the payload.[169]

APT19

APT19 used Base64 to obfuscate commands and the payload.[210]

APT28

APT28 encrypted a .dll payload using RTL and a custom encryption algorithm. APT28 has also obfuscated payloads with base64, XOR, and RC4.[17][199][200][82][201]

APT29

APT29 uses PowerShell to use Base64 for obfuscation.[205]

APT3

APT3 obfuscates files or information to help evade defensive measures.[198]

APT32

APT32 uses the Invoke-Obfuscation framework to obfuscate their PowerShell and also performs other code obfuscation. APT32 has also encoded payloads using Base64 and a framework called "Dont-Kill-My-Cat (DKMC). APT32 also encrypts the library used for network exfiltration with AES-256 in CBC mode in their macOS backdoor.[172][28][173][174][109][175][176]

APT33

APT33 has used base64 to encode payloads.[211]

APT37

APT37 obfuscates strings and payloads.[177][178]

APT41

APT41 used VMProtected binaries in multiple intrusions.[218]

Aria-body

Aria-body has used an encrypted configuration file for its loader.[148]

Astaroth

Astaroth obfuscates its JScript code.[117]

Attor

Strings in Attor's components are encrypted with a XOR cipher, using a hardcoded key and the configuration data, log files and plugins are encrypted using a hybrid encryption scheme of Blowfish-OFB combined with RSA.[141]

AuditCred

AuditCred encrypts the configuration.[94]

Avenger

Avenger has the ability to XOR encrypt files to be sent to C2.[154]

BackConfig

BackConfig has used compressed and decimal encoded VBS scripts.[156]

Bisonal

Bisonal's DLL file and non-malicious decoy file are encrypted with RC4.[99]

BlackOasis

BlackOasis's first stage shellcode contains a NOP sled with alternative instructions that was likely designed to bypass antivirus tools.[163]

Blue Mockingbird

Blue Mockingbird has obfuscated the wallet address in the payload binary.[224]

BOOSTWRITE

BOOSTWRITE has encoded its payloads using a ChaCha stream cipher with a 256-bit key and 64-bit Initialization vector (IV) to evade detection.[137]

Bundlore

Bundlore has obfuscated data with base64, AES, RC4, and bz2.[161]

Carbanak

Carbanak encrypts strings to make analysis more difficult.[31]

Carbon

Carbon encrypts configuration files and tasks for the malware to complete using CAST-128 algorithm.[78]

Cardinal RAT

Cardinal RAT encodes many of its artifacts and is encrypted (AES-128) when downloaded.[62]

CARROTBALL

CARROTBALL has used a custom base64 alphabet to decode files.[15]

CARROTBAT

CARROTBAT has the ability to download a base64 encoded payload and execute obfuscated commands on the infected host.[153]

Cobalt Group

Cobalt Group obfuscated several scriptlets and code used on the victim’s machine, including through use of XOR and RC4.[170][171]

CoinTicker

CoinTicker initially downloads a hidden encoded file.[120]

Comnie

Comnie uses RC4 and Base64 to obfuscate strings.[83]

ComRAT

ComRAT has used encryption and base64 to obfuscate its orchestrator code in the Registry. ComRAT has also embedded an XOR encrypted communications module inside the orchestrator module. ComRAT has encrypted its virtual file system using AES-256 in XTS mode.[160]

CORESHELL

CORESHELL obfuscates strings using a custom stream cipher.[26]

CozyCar

The payload of CozyCar is encrypted with simple XOR with a rotating key. The CozyCar configuration file has been encrypted with RC4 keys.[105]

Dark Caracal

Dark Caracal has obfuscated strings in Bandook by base64 encoding, and then encrypting them.[208]

Darkhotel

Darkhotel has obfuscated code used in an operation using RC4 and other methods.[193]

Daserf

Daserf uses encrypted Windows APIs and also encrypts data using the alternative base64+RC4 or the Caesar cipher.[100]

Denis

Denis obfuscates its code and encrypts the API names. Denis also encodes its payload in Base64.[108][109]

DOGCALL

DOGCALL is encrypted using single-byte XOR.[77]

Dust Storm

Dust Storm has encoded payloads with a single-byte XOR, both skipping the key itself and zeroing in an attempt to avoid exposing the key.[164]

DustySky

The DustySky dropper uses a function to obfuscate the name of functions and other parts of the malware.[34]

Ebury

Ebury has obfuscated its strings with a simple XOR encryption with a static key.[121]

Elderwood

Elderwood has encrypted documents and malicious executables.[47]

Elise

Elise encrypts several of its files, including configuration files.[63]

Emissary

Variants of Emissary encrypt payloads using various XOR ciphers, as well as a custom algorithm that uses the "srand" and "rand" functions.[39][40]

Emotet

Emotet has obfuscated macros within malicious documents to hide the URLs hosting the malware, CMD.exe arguments, and PowerShell scripts. [111][112][113][114]

Empire

Empire has the ability to obfuscate commands using Invoke-Obfuscation.[12]

Epic

Epic heavily obfuscates its code to make analysis more difficult.[107]

Exaramel for Linux

Exaramel for Linux uses RC4 for encrypting the configuration.[134]

FELIXROOT

FELIXROOT encrypts strings in the backdoor using a custom XOR algorithm.[29][30]

FIN7

FIN7 has used fragmented strings, environment variables, standard input (stdin), and native character-replacement functionalities to obfuscate commands.[4][209]

FIN8

FIN8 has used environment variables and standard input (stdin) to obfuscate command-line arguments. FIN8 also obfuscates malicious macros delivered as payloads.[4][162]

Final1stspy

Final1stspy obfuscates strings with base64 encoding.[77]

FinFisher

FinFisher is heavily obfuscated in many ways, including through the use of spaghetti code in its functions in an effort to confuse disassembly programs. It also uses a custom XOR algorithm to obfuscate code.[19][20]

FlawedGrace

FlawedGrace encrypts its C2 configuration files with AES in CBC mode.[123]

Frankenstein

Frankenstein has run encoded commands from the command line.[220]

FruitFly

FruitFly executes and stores obfuscated Perl scripts.[90]

Fysbis

Fysbis has been encrypted using XOR and RC4.[135]

Gallmaker

Gallmaker obfuscated shellcode used during execution.[202]

Gamaredon Group

Gamaredon Group has delivered self-extracting 7z archive files within malicious document attachments.[228]

Gazer

Gazer logs its actions into files that are encrypted with 3DES. It also uses RSA to encrypt resources.[54]

Goopy

Goopy's decrypter have been inflated with junk code in between legitimate API functions, and also included infinite loops to avoid analysis.[109]

GravityRAT

GravityRAT supports file encryption (AES with the key "lolomycin2017").[106]

GreyEnergy

GreyEnergy encrypts its configuration files with AES-256 and also encrypts its strings.[30]

Group5

Group5 disguised its malicious binaries with several layers of obfuscation, including encrypting the files.[186]

H1N1

H1N1 uses multiple techniques to obfuscate strings, including XOR.[84]

HAWKBALL

HAWKBALL has encrypted the payload with an XOR-based algorithm.[130]

Helminth

The Helminth config file is encrypted with RC4.[18]

Hi-Zor

Hi-Zor uses various XOR techniques to obfuscate its components.[50]

HiddenWasp

HiddenWasp encrypts its configuration and payload.[132]

HOMEFRY

Some strings in HOMEFRY are obfuscated with XOR x56.[21]

Honeybee

Honeybee drops files with base64-encoded data.[188]

HotCroissant

HotCroissant has encrypted strings with single-byte XOR and base64 encoded RC4.[140]

HTTPBrowser

HTTPBrowser's code may be obfuscated through structured exception handling and return-oriented programming.[55]

Hydraq

Hydraq uses basic obfuscation in the form of spaghetti code.[47][48]

Imminent Monitor

Imminent Monitor has encrypted the spearphish attachments to avoid detection from email gateways; the debugger also encrypts information before sending to the C2.[13]

Inception

Inception has encrypted malware payloads dropped on victim machines with AES and RC4 encryption.[219]

InnaputRAT

InnaputRAT uses an 8-byte XOR key to obfuscate API names and other strings contained in the payload.[25]

InvisiMole

InvisiMole avoids analysis by encrypting all strings, internal files, configuration data.[35]

Invoke-PSImage

Invoke-PSImage can be used to embed a PowerShell script within the pixels of a PNG file.[10]

ISMInjector

ISMInjector is obfuscated with the off-the-shelf SmartAssembly .NET obfuscator created by red-gate.com.[38]

JHUHUGIT

Many strings in JHUHUGIT are obfuscated with a XOR algorithm.[80][81][82]

JPIN

A JPIN uses a encrypted and compressed payload that is disguised as a bitmap within the resource section of the installer.[76]

jRAT

jRAT’s Java payload is encrypted with AES.[65] Additionally, backdoor files are encrypted using DES as a stream cipher. Later variants of jRAT also incorporated AV evasion methods such as Java bytecode obfuscation via the commercial Allatori obfuscation tool.[66]

Kazuar

Kazuar is obfuscated using the open source ConfuserEx protector. Kazuar also obfuscates the name of created files/folders/mutexes and encrypts debug messages written to log files using the Rijndael cipher.[22]

KeyBoy

In one version of KeyBoy, string obfuscation routines were used to hide many of the critical values referenced in the malware.[127]

Kwampirs

Kwampirs downloads additional files that are base64-encoded and encrypted with another cipher.[49]

Lazarus Group

Lazarus Group malware uses multiple types of encryption and encoding in its malware files, including AES, Caracachs, RC4, basic XOR with constant 0xA7, and other techniques.[179][180][181][182]

Leafminer

Leafminer obfuscated scripts that were used on victim machines.[168]

Leviathan

Leviathan has obfuscated code using base64 and gzip compression.[79]

LightNeuron

LightNeuron encrypts its configuration files with AES-256.[133]

Lokibot

Lokibot has obfuscated strings with base64 encoding.[142]

LoudMiner

LoudMiner has obfuscated various scripts and encrypted DMG files.[145]

Machete

Machete has used pyobfuscate, zlib compression, and base64 encoding for obfuscation.[136]

Machete

Machete employed some visual obfuscation techniques by naming variables as combinations of letters to hinder analysis.[217]

Magic Hound

Magic Hound malware has used base64-encoded commands and files, and has also encrypted embedded strings with AES.[187]

Matroyshka

Matroyshka obfuscates API function names using a substitute cipher combined with Base64 encoding.[46]

MAZE

MAZE has decrypted strings and other important information during the encryption process. MAZE also calls certain functions dynamically to hinder analysis.[144]

menuPass

menuPass has encoded strings in its malware with base64 as well as with a simple, single-byte XOR obfuscation using key 0x40.[165][166]

Metamorfo

Metamorfo has obfuscated and encrypted some payloads.[147]

Micropsia

Micropsia obfuscates the configuration with a custom Base64 and XOR.[59][60]

Mofang

Mofang has compressed the ShimRat executable within malicious email attachments. Mofang has also encrypted payloads before they are downloaded to victims.[14]

Molerats

Molerats has delivered compressed executables within ZIP files to victims.[222]

Mosquito

Mosquito’s installer is obfuscated with a custom crypter to obfuscate the installer.[53]

MuddyWater

MuddyWater has used Daniel Bohannon’s Invoke-Obfuscation framework.[189][28] The group has also used other obfuscation methods, including Base64 obfuscation of VBScripts and PowerShell commands.[189][43][190][191][192]

NanHaiShu

NanHaiShu encodes files in Base64.[69]

NanoCore

NanoCore’s plugins were obfuscated with Eazfuscater.NET 3.3.[96]

Netwalker

Netwalker's PowerShell script has been obfuscated with multiple layers including base64 and hexadecimal encoding and XOR-encryption, as well as obfuscated PowerShell functions and variables. Netwalker's DLL has also been embedded within the PowerShell script in hex format.[149][150]

Night Dragon

A Night Dragon DLL included an XOR-encoded section.[207]

NOKKI

NOKKI uses Base64 encoding for strings.[61]

OilRig

OilRig has encrypted and encoded data in its malware, including by using base64.[194][93][195][196][197]

OLDBAIT

OLDBAIT obfuscates internal strings and unpacks them at startup.[26]

OopsIE

OopsIE uses the Confuser protector to obfuscate an embedded .Net Framework assembly used for C2. OopsIE also encodes collected data in hexadecimal format before writing to files on disk and obfuscates strings.[101][102]

Orz

Some Orz strings are base64 encoded, such as the embedded DLL known as MockDll.[79]

OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D

OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D encrypts its strings in RSA256 and encodes them in a custom base64 scheme and XOR.[98]

Patchwork

Patchwork has obfuscated a script with Crypto Obfuscator.[167]

Pisloader

Pisloader obfuscates files by splitting strings into smaller sub-strings and including "garbage" strings that are never used. The malware also uses return-oriented programming (ROP) technique and single-byte XOR to obfuscate data.[95]

PoetRAT

PoetRAT has used a custom encryption scheme for communication between scripts.[138]

PoisonIvy

PoisonIvy hides any strings related to its own indicators of compromise.[88]

Pony

Pony attachments have been delivered via compressed archive files. Pony also obfuscates the memory flow by adding junk instructions when executing to make analysis more difficult.[146]

POSHSPY

POSHSPY appends a file signature header (randomly selected from six file types) to encrypted data prior to upload or download.[72]

PowerSploit

PowerSploit contains a collection of ScriptModification modules that compress and encode scripts and payloads.[8][9]

PowerStallion

PowerStallion uses a XOR cipher to encrypt command output written to its OneDrive C2 server.[131]

POWERSTATS

POWERSTATS uses character replacement, PowerShell environment variables, and XOR encoding to obfuscate code. POWERSTATS's backdoor code is a multi-layer obfuscated, encoded, and compressed blob. [43][44] POWERSTATS has used PowerShell code with custom string obfuscation [45]

Prikormka

Some resources in Prikormka are encrypted with a simple XOR operation or encoded with Base64.[41]

PUNCHBUGGY

PUNCHBUGGY has hashed most its code's functions and encrypted payloads with base64 and XOR.[126]

PUNCHTRACK

PUNCHTRACK is loaded and executed by a highly obfuscated launcher.[89]

Putter Panda

Droppers used by Putter Panda use RC4 or a 16-byte XOR key consisting of the bytes 0xA0 – 0xAF to obfuscate payloads.[206]

QUADAGENT

QUADAGENT was likely obfuscated using Invoke-Obfuscation.[93][28]

Ramsay

Ramsay has base64-encoded its portable executable and hidden itself under a JPG header. Ramsay can also embed information within document footers.[151]

Reaver

Reaver encrypts some of its files with XOR.[24]

RedLeaves

A RedLeaves configuration file is encrypted with a simple XOR key, 0x53.[97]

Remcos

Remcos uses RC4 and base64 to obfuscate data, including Registry entries and file paths.[11]

Remexi

Remexi obfuscates its configuration data with XOR.[119]

Remsec

Some data in Remsec is encrypted using RC5 in CBC mode, AES-CBC with a hardcoded key, RC4, or Salsa20. Some data is also base64-encoded.[70][71]

Rifdoor

Rifdoor has encrypted strings with a single byte XOR algorithm.[140]

Rising Sun

Configuration data used by Rising Sun is encrypted using RC4.[143]

Rocke

Rocke has modified UPX headers after packing files to break unpackers.[227]

RogueRobin

The PowerShell script with the RogueRobin payload was obfuscated using the COMPRESS technique in Invoke-Obfuscation.[27][28]

RTM

RTM strings, network data, configuration, and modules are encrypted with a modified RC4 algorithm. RTM has also been delivered to targets as various archive files including ZIP, 7-ZIP, and RAR.[32][33]

Sakula

Sakula uses single-byte XOR obfuscation to obfuscate many of its files.[56]

SamSam

SamSam has been seen using AES or DES to encrypt payloads and payload components.[115][116]

Sandworm Team

Sandworm Team has used Base64 encoding within malware variants. Sandworm Team has also used ROT13 encoding, AES encryption and compression with the zlib library for their Python-based backdoor.[225][226]

SDBot

SDBot has the ability to XOR the strings for its installer component with a hardcoded 128 byte key.[152]

Seasalt

Seasalt obfuscates configuration data.[42]

Shamoon

Shamoon contains base64-encoded strings.[87]

SHARPSTATS

SHARPSTATS has used base64 encoding and XOR to obfuscate PowerShell scripts.[45]

ShimRat

ShimRat has been delivered as a package that includes compressed DLL and shellcode payloads within a .dat file.[14]

ShimRatReporter

ShimRatReporter encrypted gathered information with a combination of shifting and XOR using a static key.[14]

SHOTPUT

SHOTPUT is obscured using XOR encoding and appended to a valid GIF file.[36][37]

Silence

Silence has used environment variable string substitution for obfuscation.[212]

Skidmap

Skidmap has encrypted it's main payload using 3DES.[158]

Smoke Loader

Smoke Loader uses a simple one-byte XOR method to obfuscate values in the malware.[103][104]

Soft Cell

Soft Cell used a modified version of HTRAN in which they obfuscated strings such as debug messages in an apparent attempt to evade detection.[216]

SpeakUp

SpeakUp encodes its second-stage payload with Base64. [118]

SQLRat

SQLRat has used a character insertion obfuscation technique, making the script appear to contain Chinese characters.[129]

StoneDrill

StoneDrill has obfuscated its module with an alphabet-based table or XOR encryption.[122]

StreamEx

StreamEx obfuscates some commands by using statically programmed fragments of strings when starting a DLL. It also uses a one-byte xor against 0x91 to encode configuration data.[91]

SynAck

SynAck payloads are obfuscated prior to compilation to inhibit analysis and/or reverse engineering.[67][68]

TA505

TA505 has password-protected malicious Word documents and used base64 encoded PowerShell commands.[213][214][215]

TajMahal

TajMahal has used an encrypted Virtual File System to store plugins.[155]

Threat Group-3390

A Threat Group-3390 tool can encrypt payloads using XOR. Threat Group-3390 malware is also obfuscated using Metasploit’s shikata_ga_nai encoder as well as compressed with LZNT1 compression.[183][184][185]

TINYTYPHON

TINYTYPHON has used XOR with 0x90 to obfuscate its configuration file.[85]

TrickBot

TrickBot uses non-descriptive names to hide functionality and uses an AES CBC (256 bits) encryption algorithm for its loader and configuration files.[64]

Tropic Trooper

Tropic Trooper has encrypted configuration files.[203][204]

Turla

Turla has used encryption (including salted 3DES via PowerSploit's Out-EncryptedScript.ps1), random variable names, and base64 encoding to obfuscate PowerShell commands and payloads.[131]

TYPEFRAME

APIs and strings in some TYPEFRAME variants are RC4 encrypted. Another variant is encoded with XOR.[86]

UBoatRAT

UBoatRAT encrypts instructions in the payload using a simple XOR cipher.[74]

Ursnif

Ursnif has used an XOR-based algorithm to encrypt Tor clients dropped to disk.[124] Ursnif droppers have also been delivered as password-protected zip files that execute base64 encoded PowerShell commands.[125]

USBStealer

Most strings in USBStealer are encrypted using 3DES and XOR and reversed.[23]

Valak

Valak has the ability to base64 encode and XOR encrypt strings.[157]

VERMIN

VERMIN is obfuscated using the obfuscation tool called ConfuserEx.[110]

Volgmer

A Volgmer variant is encoded using a simple XOR cipher.[75]

Whitefly

Whitefly has encrypted the payload used for C2.[223]

WindTail

WindTail can be delivered as a compressed, encrypted, and encoded payload.[159]

Winnti for Linux

Winnti for Linux can encode its configuration file with single-byte XOR encoding.[139]

Wizard Spider

Wizard Spider used base64 encoding to obfuscate an Empire service.[221]

XTunnel

A version of XTunnel introduced in July 2015 obfuscated the binary using opaque predicates and other techniques in a likely attempt to obfuscate it and bypass security products.[73]

YAHOYAH

YAHOYAH encrypts its configuration file using a simple algorithm.[128]

ZeroT

ZeroT has encrypted its payload with RC4.[92]

Zeus Panda

Zeus Panda encrypts strings with XOR and obfuscates the macro code from the initial payload. Zeus Panda also encrypts all configuration and settings in AES and RC4.[57][58]

Mitigations

Mitigation Description
Antivirus/Antimalware

Consider utilizing the Antimalware Scan Interface (AMSI) on Windows 10 to analyze commands after being processed/interpreted. [7]

Detection

Detection of file obfuscation is difficult unless artifacts are left behind by the obfuscation process that are uniquely detectable with a signature. If detection of the obfuscation itself is not possible, it may be possible to detect the malicious activity that caused the obfuscated file (for example, the method that was used to write, read, or modify the file on the file system).

Flag and analyze commands containing indicators of obfuscation and known suspicious syntax such as uninterpreted escape characters like '''^''' and '''"'''. Windows' Sysmon and Event ID 4688 displays command-line arguments for processes. Deobfuscation tools can be used to detect these indicators in files/payloads. [229] [5] [230]

Obfuscation used in payloads for Initial Access can be detected at the network. Use network intrusion detection systems and email gateway filtering to identify compressed and encrypted attachments and scripts. Some email attachment detonation systems can open compressed and encrypted attachments. Payloads delivered over an encrypted connection from a website require encrypted network traffic inspection.

The first detection of a malicious tool may trigger an anti-virus or other security tool alert. Similar events may also occur at the boundary through network IDS, email scanning appliance, etc. The initial detection should be treated as an indication of a potentially more invasive intrusion. The alerting system should be thoroughly investigated beyond that initial alert for activity that was not detected. Adversaries may continue with an operation, assuming that individual events like an anti-virus detect will not be investigated or that an analyst will not be able to conclusively link that event to other activity occurring on the network.

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