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TECHNIQUES
PRE-ATT&CK
Priority Definition Planning
Priority Definition Direction
Target Selection
Technical Information Gathering
People Information Gathering
Organizational Information Gathering
Technical Weakness Identification
People Weakness Identification
Organizational Weakness Identification
Adversary OPSEC
Establish & Maintain Infrastructure
Persona Development
Build Capabilities
Test Capabilities
Stage Capabilities
Enterprise
Initial Access
Phishing
Supply Chain Compromise
Valid Accounts
Execution
Command and Scripting Interpreter
Inter-Process Communication
Scheduled Task/Job
System Services
User Execution
Persistence
Account Manipulation
Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts
Create Account
Create or Modify System Process
Event Triggered Execution
Hijack Execution Flow
Office Application Startup
Pre-OS Boot
Scheduled Task/Job
Server Software Component
Traffic Signaling
Valid Accounts
Privilege Escalation
Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
Access Token Manipulation
Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts
Create or Modify System Process
Event Triggered Execution
Hijack Execution Flow
Process Injection
Scheduled Task/Job
Valid Accounts
Defense Evasion
Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
Access Token Manipulation
Execution Guardrails
File and Directory Permissions Modification
Hide Artifacts
Hijack Execution Flow
Impair Defenses
Indicator Removal on Host
Masquerading
Modify Authentication Process
Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure
Obfuscated Files or Information
Pre-OS Boot
Process Injection
Signed Binary Proxy Execution
Signed Script Proxy Execution
Subvert Trust Controls
Traffic Signaling
Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution
Use Alternate Authentication Material
Valid Accounts
Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
Credential Access
Brute Force
Credentials from Password Stores
Input Capture
Man-in-the-Middle
Modify Authentication Process
OS Credential Dumping
Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets
Unsecured Credentials
Discovery
Account Discovery
Permission Groups Discovery
Software Discovery
Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
Lateral Movement
Remote Service Session Hijacking
Remote Services
Use Alternate Authentication Material
Collection
Archive Collected Data
Data from Information Repositories
Data Staged
Email Collection
Input Capture
Man-in-the-Middle
Command and Control
Application Layer Protocol
Data Encoding
Data Obfuscation
Dynamic Resolution
Encrypted Channel
Proxy
Traffic Signaling
Web Service
Exfiltration
Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol
Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium
Exfiltration Over Physical Medium
Exfiltration Over Web Service
Impact
Data Manipulation
Defacement
Disk Wipe
Endpoint Denial of Service
Network Denial of Service
Mobile
Initial Access
Execution
Persistence
Privilege Escalation
Defense Evasion
Credential Access
Discovery
Lateral Movement
Collection
Command and Control
Exfiltration
Impact
Network Effects
Remote Service Effects
  1. Home
  2. Techniques
  3. Mobile
  4. URL Scheme Hijacking

URL Scheme Hijacking

An iOS application may be able to maliciously claim a URL scheme, allowing it to intercept calls that are meant for a different application[1][2]. This technique, for example, could be used to capture OAuth authorization codes[3] or to phish user credentials[4].

ID: T1415
Sub-techniques:  No sub-techniques
Tactic Type: Post-Adversary Device Access
Tactic: Credential Access
Platforms: iOS
MTC ID: AUT-10
Version: 1.1
Created: 25 October 2017
Last Modified: 03 February 2019

Mitigations

Mitigation Description
Application Vetting

Check for potential malicious definitions of URL schemes when vetting applications. Also, when examining apps for potential vulnerabilities, encourage use of universal links as an alternative to URL schemes. When examining apps that use OAuth, encourage use of best practices.[5][6]

References

  1. Hui Xue, Tao Wei, Yulong Zhang, Song Jin, Zhaofeng Chen. (2015, February 19). IOS MASQUE ATTACK REVIVED: BYPASSING PROMPT FOR TRUST AND APP URL SCHEME HIJACKING. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  2. Nitesh Dhanjani. (2010, November 8). Insecure Handling of URL Schemes in Apple’s iOS. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  3. N. Sakimura, J. Bradley, and N. Agarwal. (2015, September). IETF RFC 7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  1. Michael T. Raggo. (2015, October 1). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking (XARA) Attack Analysis and Countermeasures. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  2. Apple. (n.d.). Support Universal Links. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  3. W. Denniss and J. Bradley. (2017, October). IETF RFC 8252: OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps. Retrieved November 30, 2018.