Caninae (whose members are known as canines (/keɪnaɪnz/),[6]: 182 ) is the only living subfamily within Canidae, alongside the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae.[7][1] They first appeared in North America, during the Oligocene around 35 million years ago, subsequently spreading to Asia and elsewhere in the Old World at the end of the Miocene,[6]: 122 some 7 million to 8 million years ago.[7]
Canines | |
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Major canid clades, represented by a black-backed jackal (a wolf-like canine), a red fox (a vulpine) and a gray fox | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Family: | Canidae |
Subfamily: | Caninae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 |
Genera[2][3][4][5] | |
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Taxonomy and lineage
editCanid subfamilies |
The genus Leptocyon (Greek: leptos slender + cyon dog) includes 11 species and was the first primitive canine. They were small and weighed around 2 kg.[6]: 53 They first appeared in Sioux County, Nebraska in the Orellan era 34-32 million years ago, which was the beginning of the Oligocene.[1] This was the same time as the appearance of the Borophaginae with whom they share features, indicating that these were two sister groups. Borophaginae skull and dentition were designed for a powerful killing bite compared with the Leptocyon which were designed for snatching small, fast-moving prey. The species L. delicatus is the smallest canid to have existed. At the close of their genus 9 million years ago one Leptocyon lineage resembled the modern fox.[6]: 53 The various species of Leptocyon branched 11.9 Mya into Vulpini (foxes) and Canini (canines).[1]: 174–175
The canines spent two-thirds of their history in North America, before dispersing 7 million years ago into Asia, Europe, and Africa. One of the characteristics that distinguished them from the Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae was their possession of less weight in their limbs and more length in their legs, which may have aided their dispersion. The first canine to arrive in Eurasia was the coyote-sized Canis cipio, whose scant fossils were found in Spain. However, the assignment of C. cipio within the canines to the genus Canis or genus Eucyon is not clear.[6]: 143–144
Phylogenetic relationships
editThe results of allozyme and chromosome analyses have previously suggested several phylogenetic divisions:
Divisions | Description | Image | Genus | Species |
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Subtribe Canina[8] | The wolf and wolf-like canines | Canis Linnaeus, 1758 | ||
Cuon Hodgson, 1838 | ||||
Lycaon Brookes, 1827 | ||||
Lupulella Hilzheimer, 1906 | ||||
Subtribe Cerdocyonina[8] | The South American canines | Speothos Lund, 1839 | ||
Lycalopex Burmeister 1854 | ||||
Cerdocyon C. E. H. Smith, 1839 | ||||
Chrysocyon Smith, 1839 | ||||
Atelocynus Cabrera, 1940 | ||||
Tribe Vulpini[8] | The fox-like canines | Nyctereutes Temminck, 1838 |
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Otocyon S. Müller, 1835 | ||||
Vulpes Garsault, 1764 | ||||
Genus Urocyon[8] | Gray foxes | Urocyon Baird, 1857 |
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DNA analysis shows that the first three form monophyletic clades. The wolf-like canines and the South American canines together form the tribe Canini.[9] Molecular data imply a North American origin of living Canidae some 10 Mya and an African origin of wolf-like canines (Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon), with the jackals being the most basal of this group.
The South American clade is rooted by the maned wolf and bush dog, and the fox-like canines by the fennec fox and Blanford's fox. The gray fox and island fox are basal to the other clades; however, this topological difference is not strongly supported.[10]
The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh (2005)[10] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis,[11] Vulpes,[12] Lycalopex species,[13] and Dusicyon.[14]
Caninae |
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References
edit- ^ a b c d Tedford, Richard; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. S2CID 83594819.
- ^ McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9.
- ^ Lyras, G.A.; van der Geer, A.E.; Dermitzakis, M.; de Vos, J. (2006). "Cynotherium sardous, an insular canid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Pleistocene of Sardinia (Italy), and its origin". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 735–745. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[735:CSAICM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84448363.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Sotnikova, M. (2006). "A new canid Nurocyon chonokhariensis gen. et sp. nov.(Canini, Canidae, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Mongolia" (PDF). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 256: 11. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 1–232. ISBN 978-0-231-13529-0.
- ^ a b Miklosi, Adam (2015). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. Oxford Biology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 103–107. ISBN 978-0199545667 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.
- ^ Jensen, Per (2007). The Behavioural Biology of Dogs. CABI. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-1-84593-188-9.
- ^ a b Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
- ^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
- ^ Zhao, Chao; Zhang, Honghai; Liu, Guangshuai; Yang, Xiufeng; Zhang, Jin (2016). "The complete mitochondrial genome of the Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and implications for the phylogeny of Canidae". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 339 (2): 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2015.11.005. ISSN 1631-0691. PMID 26868757.
- ^ Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.
- ^ Slater, G. J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J. A.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366. S2CID 36185744.