District councils of Hong Kong

The district councils, formerly district boards until 1999, are the local councils for the 18 districts of Hong Kong.

District council
Traditional Chinese議會
Simplified Chinese区议会
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinQūyìhuì
Wade–GilesChʻü¹-i⁴-hui⁴
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationKēui yi wúi
JyutpingKeoi1 ji3 wui2

History

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Before establishment

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An early basis for the delivery of local services were the Kaifong associations, set up in 1949. However, by the 1960s, these had ceased to represent local interests, and so, in 1968, the government established the first local administrative structure with the city district offices, which were intended to enable it to mobilise support for its policies and programmes, such as in health and crime-reduction campaigns. An aim was also to monitor the grass roots, following the 1967 riots.[1]

Under the Community Involvement Plan, launched in the early 1970s, Hong Kong and Kowloon were divided into 74 areas, each of around 45,000 people. For each, an 'area committee' of twenty members was then appointed by the city district officers, and was comprised, for the first time, of members from all sectors of the local community, led by an unofficial member of the Legislative Council (Legco). The initial purpose was to help implement the 'Clean Hong Kong' campaign, by distributing publicity material to local people. This was held to be a success.[1]

A next stage in the government's effort to increase local engagement and influence was the setting up, in June 1973, of mutual aid committees (MACs) in high-rise residential buildings. These were described in Legco as "a group of responsible citizens, resident in the same multi-storey building who work together to solve common problems of cleanliness and security." In fact, they were tightly controlled by the government. With government encouragement, the number of such committees increased rapidly in these private buildings, from 1,214 in 1973 to 3,463 in 1980. The scheme was extended to public housing estates, of which 800 had MACs in 1980, as well as factories and in the New Territories.[1]

The next development was the establishment of eight district advisory boards in the districts of the New Territories, starting with Tsuen Wan in 1977. The boards, whose members were appointed, were more formally constituted than the city district boards, charged with advising on local matters, recommending minor district works, and conducting cultural and recreational activities.

Establishment to present

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Then in 1982, under the governorship of Sir Murray MacLehose, the district boards were established under the District Administration Scheme. The aim was to improve co-ordination of government activities in the provision of services and facilities at the district level and the boards initially took over the roles of the district advisory boards.[1][2]

At first, the boards comprised only appointed members and government officials, but from 1982, a proportion of each was elected.[1] In an attempt to inject a democratic element into the Legislative Council, the government introduced a model where some legislators were elected indirectly by members of the district councils. Twelve legislators were returned by an 'electoral college' of district councillors in 1985. The practice was repeated in 1988 and 1995.[3]

After the HKSAR was established in 1997, as part of the "through train", the district boards became provisional district boards, composed of all the original members of the boards supplemented by others appointed by the chief executive. (Under the British administration, the Governor had refrained from appointing any member.)

Later in early 1999 a bill was passed in the Legislative Council providing mainly for the establishment, composition and functions of the District Councils, which would replace the Provisional District Boards. The 27 ex officio seats of Rural Committees, abolished by the colonial authorities, were reinstated. The government rejected any public survey or referendum on the issue, saying that it had been studying the issue since 1997, and had received 98 favourable submissions. The self-proclaimed pro-democracy camp dubbed the move "a setback to the pace of democracy" because it was a throwback to the colonial era.[4]

In 2010, the government proposed that five legislators be added to district council functional constituencies, and be elected by proportional representation of elected DC members.[5] In a politically controversial deal between the Democratic Party and the Beijing government, this was changed to allow the five seats to be elected by those members of the general electorate who did not otherwise have a functional constituency vote.

Under the district councillor appointment system, 102 district councillors out of 534 were picked by the Chief Executive, while the remainder were democratically elected by voters in each district. The system was abolished in 2013, and the new District Councils after the 2015 election no longer have appointed members.

In 2023, the government proposed to cut the direct elect seats of district councilors from 452 to 88 seats while the total seats cut from 479 to 470 seats. Besides, all district councilors candidate who opt for election must be vetted and passed by the new District Council Eligibility Review Committee. The proposal has been approved by Legislative Council in July 2023.[6][7][8]

Operation

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Functions

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The councils are mandated to advise the Government on the following:

  • matters affecting the well-being of people in the District;
  • the provision and use of public facilities and services within the District;
  • the adequacy and priorities of Government programmes for the District;
  • the use of public funds allocated to the District for local public works and community activities; and

District councils also undertake the following within the respective districts with its available funds allocated by the government:

  • environmental improvements;
  • the promotion of recreational and cultural activities; and
  • community activities

Councils

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Map of district councils

There is a district council for each of the following eighteen districts. The number in parentheses corresponds to the number shown on the map at the right.

No. District Region Seats Population (2021)[9]
1 Central and Western Hong Kong Island 20 235,953
2 Eastern 30 529,603
3 Southern 20 263,278
4 Wan Chai 10 166,695
5 Kowloon City Kowloon 20 410,634
6 Kwun Tong 40 673,166
7 Sham Shui Po 20 431,090
8 Wong Tai Sin 20 406,802
9 Yau Tsim Mong 20 310,647
10 Islands New Territories 18 185,282
11 Kwai Tsing 32 495,798
12 North 24 309,631
13 Sai Kung 32 489,037
14 Sha Tin 42 692,806
15 Tai Po 22 316,470
16 Tsuen Wan 22 320,094
17 Tuen Mun 32 506,879
18 Yuen Long 46 668,080

Composition

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Changes to the composition of the District Councils:
2019 election (479 seats)
  •   Directly elected (452)
  •   Ex-officio (Chairmen of Rural Committee) (27)
2023 election (470 seats)
  •   Directly elected (88)
  •   Ex-officio (Chairmen of Rural Committee) (27)
  •   Indirectly elected (Electoral College of "Three Committees") (176)
  •   Appointed (179)

Following revamp of District Councils announced by the Government in 2023, the number of the elected seats is significantly reduced to around 20%, while each of the 40 per cent of the seats will be returned by indirect elections and by revived government's appointment. Single non-transferable vote replaced "first past the post" system, as previously implemented in the 2021 reform.

Before the drastic change, there were a total of 479 district council members in the sixth District Councils. Except 27 ex-officio seats occupied by Chairmen of Rural Committees in the New Territories, all were returned by direct election.

District Councils are chaired by District Officers starting from 2024, and had been the case in the first three years of District Boards (name of District Councils before handover), i.e. between 1982 and 1985. Since 1985 and until 2023 chairmen of District Boards are elected from amongst the members.

Election Term of office Elected Ex-officio Electoral
College[a]
Appointed Overall
Rural
Committee
Urban
Council
Non-
official
Official
1982 1982/4/1–85/3/31 132 27 30 134 167 490
1985 1985/4/1–88/3/31 237 27 30 132 426
1988 1988/4/1–91/3/31 264 27 30 141 462
1991 1991/4/1–94/9/30 274 27 140 441
1994 1994/10/1–97/6/30 346 27 373
(Prov.) 1997/7/1–99/12/31 469[b] 469
1999 2000/1/1–03/12/31 390 27 102 519
2003 2004/1/1–07/12/31 400 27 102 529
2007 2008/1/1–11/12/31 405 27 102 534
2011 2012/1/1–15/12/31 412 27 68 507
2015 2016/1/1–19/12/31 431 27 458
2019 2020/1/1–23/12/31 452 27 479
2023 2024/1/1– 88 27 176 179 470

Source: Review of the Roles, Functions and Composition

  1. ^ Indirectly elected by members of Area Committees, District Fight Crime Committees, and District Fire Safety Committees
  2. ^ Including all 373 councillors before handover and 95 newly appointed councillors

Political make-up of the councils

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As of 2 January 2020:

Council/
Party
CW WC E S YTM SSP KC WTS KT TW TM YL N TP SK ST KWT I TOTAL
Democratic 7 4 7 4 2 10 6 9 3 7 7 5 6 12 1 90
Civic 5 1 1 4 2 4 3 7 3 2 32
ND 2 3 4 9 1 19
ADPL 11 3 5 19
CST 8 8
TCHD 1 2 4 7
Labour 2 1 2 1 1 7
CGPLTKO 6 6
CM 5 5
CA 4 1 5
TMCN 4 4
NWSC 1 3 4
TSWC 4 4
TPDA 3 3
VSA 2 1 3
Civ Passion 1 1 2
DA 2 2
DTW 2 2
TKOP 2 2
LSD 1 1 2
SKC 2 2
TKOS 2 2
PP 1 1
EHK 1 1
TYP 1 1
LMCG 1 1
CSWWF 1 1
CKWEF 1 1
TWCN 1 1
KEC 1 1
SK 1 1
CAP 1 1
TSWLPU 1 1
Ind & others 5 8 19 7 7 4 4 13 13 3 6 13 7 7 3 16 8 4 147
Pro-democrats 14 9 32 15 17 22 15 25 28 16 28 33 15 19 26 40 27 7 388
DAB 1 1 2 4 6 1 1 1 3 1 21
FTU 1 1 1 1 1 5
Liberal 1 1 1 1 1 5
BPA 3 1 1 5
FPHE 2 1 3
Roundtable 1 1 2
Ind & others 3 1 2 2 3 2 12 5 2 5 1 10 48
Pro-Beijing 1 4 3 2 3 2 10 0 12 4 4 12 7 2 5 2 5 11 89
Others 1 1 2
Vacant
Councillors 15 13 35 17 20 25 25 25 40 21 32 45 22 21 31 42 32 18 479

Independence

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The party affiliations and politics in the Legislative Council can be echoed in the district councils, who have sometimes been accused of slavishly supporting the government. Professor Li Pang-kwong, of Lingnan University, says that the problematic framework of the councils, being under the Home Affairs Bureau, has led them to work too closely with the government. He cites the example of the "copy and paste" Queen's Pier motions passed by thirteen councils to support government decisions as a rubber-stamp, and a clear sign that councils lacked independence. Li recalled a similar government "consultation" on universal suffrage in 2007, in which two-thirds of the councils passed a vote in support of its position. After it was revealed that the government was behind the concerted district councils' motions in 2008 supporting the relocation of Queen's Pier, Albert Ho condemned the government for tampering with district councils to "create public opinion", and for turning district officers into propagandists.[10]

Elections

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1999 District council elections

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In 1999, Tung Chee Hwa appointed 100 members to the district councils. These included 41 from various political parties, namely the Liberal Party, the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), and the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance. No democrats were appointed.[11]

2003 District council elections

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In 2003, Tung appointed 21 political party appointees to the district councils to dilute the influence of the pan-democrats as follows:[12]

  • eight members of the Liberal Party
  • six members of the DAB
  • six members from the Progressive Alliance
  • one from the New Century Forum

Professor of politics and sociology at Lingnan University, Dr. Li Pang-kwong said "As in the past, most of the appointees were pro-government or persons without a clear political stance... ensur[ing] that no district council is in the hands of the democrats."[11] A spokesman for the democrats said the appointees "will have an unfair advantage in that they are getting financial support from the government which will help them run for office in future elections."[11] After this election, this election would abolish the appointed members of the Hong Kong district councils.

2007 District council elections

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In December 2007, Donald Tsang named 27 government-appointed council members.[12]

  • 13 members of the Liberal Party
  • 11 members of the DAB
  • three members from the Federation of Trade Unions

Tsang was criticised for not appointing a single member of the pan-democrats in either 2003 or 2007.[12]

2011 District council elections

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After the election, Donald Tsang appointed 68 members, none of them from the pan-democrat camp.

2015 District council elections

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2019 District council elections

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2023 District council elections

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See also

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References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c d e Scott, Ian (1989). Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. p. 144. ISBN 0824812697. hong kong districts toothless OR powerless., from p140
  2. ^ District Administration Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Hong Kong Government
  3. ^ Cheung,Gary (14 November 2009), "Universal suffrage an elusive goal", South China Morning Post
  4. ^ Carmen Cheung, "Referendum ruled out on seats issue" Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 20 January 1999
  5. ^ Lee, Diana, (15 April 2010). 'Grab this golden chance' Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard
  6. ^ "Hong Kong cuts directly elected District Council seats as overhaul unanimously approved". Hong Kong Free Press. 6 July 2023.
  7. ^ "Ordinance passed and promulgated" (PDF). Hong Kong Government Gazette. 10 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2023.
  8. ^ "District Councils (Amendment) Ordinance 2023--Ordinance No. 19 of 2023" (PDF). Hong Kong Government Gazette. 10 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2023.
  9. ^ 2021 Population Census: Summary Results (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department, Government of Hong Kong. February 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  10. ^ Olga Wong & Joyce Ng (24 June 2008). "'Rubber stamp' council lashed over pier vote". South China Morning Post. pp. A3.
  11. ^ a b c Michael Ng, Tung picks 'dilute' bodies Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 29 December 2003
  12. ^ a b c Frank Ching, "Tsang grooms his kind of political talent", Pg A12, South China Morning Post, 24 June 2008
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