Solar eclipse of January 1, 1889

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Tuesday, January 1, 1889, with a magnitude of 1.0262. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 1.25 days after perigee (on December 31, 1888, at 15:10 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[1]

Solar eclipse of January 1, 1889
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureTotal
Gamma0.8603
Magnitude1.0262
Maximum eclipse
Duration137 s (2 min 17 s)
Coordinates36°42′N 137°36′W / 36.7°N 137.6°W / 36.7; -137.6
Max. width of band175 km (109 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse21:16:50
References
Saros120 (54 of 71)
Catalog # (SE5000)9255

The path of totality was visible from parts of the modern-day Aleutian Islands of Alaska, California, Nevada, extreme southeastern Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota in the United States and south-central Canada. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for much of North America, Hawaii, and the western Caribbean.

Observations and predictions

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Impact

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Wovoka the Paiute prophet received visions during the solar eclipse of January 1889. These visions were framework for the Pan-Indian religious movement known as the Ghost Dance.[2]

Eclipse details

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Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[3]

January 1, 1889 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 1889 January 01 at 19:03:37.4 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 1889 January 01 at 20:23:10.8 UTC
First Central Line 1889 January 01 at 20:24:07.8 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 1889 January 01 at 20:25:05.6 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 1889 January 01 at 21:08:05.1 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 1889 January 01 at 21:16:00.1 UTC
Greatest Duration 1889 January 01 at 21:16:12.2 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 1889 January 01 at 21:16:50.0 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 1889 January 01 at 22:08:36.5 UTC
Last Central Line 1889 January 01 at 22:09:32.7 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 1889 January 01 at 22:10:28.3 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 1889 January 01 at 23:30:05.9 UTC
January 1, 1889 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.02616
Eclipse Obscuration 1.05301
Gamma 0.86031
Sun Right Ascension 18h51m01.4s
Sun Declination -22°56'03.4"
Sun Semi-Diameter 16'16.0"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.9"
Moon Right Ascension 18h51m03.5s
Moon Declination -22°03'55.3"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'33.2"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 1°00'45.2"
ΔT -6.1 s

Eclipse season

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This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of January 1889
January 1
Descending node (new moon)
January 17
Ascending node (full moon)
 
Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 120
Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 132
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Eclipses in 1889

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Metonic

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Tzolkinex

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Half-Saros

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Tritos

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Solar Saros 120

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Inex

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Triad

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Solar eclipses of 1888–1891

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This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[4]

The partial solar eclipses on February 11, 1888 and August 7, 1888 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1888 to 1891
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
115 July 9, 1888
 
Partial
−1.2797 120 January 1, 1889
 
Total
0.8603
125 June 28, 1889
 
Annular
−0.5431 130 December 22, 1889
 
Total
0.1888
135 June 17, 1890
 
Annular
0.2246 140 December 12, 1890
 
Hybrid
−0.5016
145 June 6, 1891
 
Annular
0.9754 150 December 1, 1891
 
Partial
−1.2515

Saros 120

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This eclipse is a part of Saros series 120, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 71 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on May 27, 933 AD. It contains annular eclipses from August 11, 1059 through April 26, 1492; hybrid eclipses from May 8, 1510 through June 8, 1564; and total eclipses from June 20, 1582 through March 30, 2033. The series ends at member 71 as a partial eclipse on July 7, 2195. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 11 at 6 minutes, 24 seconds on September 11, 1113, and the longest duration of totality was produced by member 60 at 2 minutes, 50 seconds on March 9, 1997. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit.[5]

Series members 50–71 occur between 1801 and 2195:
50 51 52
 
November 19, 1816
 
November 30, 1834
 
December 11, 1852
53 54 55
 
December 22, 1870
 
January 1, 1889
 
January 14, 1907
56 57 58
 
January 24, 1925
 
February 4, 1943
 
February 15, 1961
59 60 61
 
February 26, 1979
 
March 9, 1997
 
March 20, 2015
62 63 64
 
March 30, 2033
 
April 11, 2051
 
April 21, 2069
65 66 67
 
May 2, 2087
 
May 14, 2105
 
May 25, 2123
68 69 70
 
June 4, 2141
 
June 16, 2159
 
June 26, 2177
71
 
July 7, 2195

Metonic series

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The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

22 eclipse events between March 16, 1866 and August 9, 1953
March 16–17 January 1–3 October 20–22 August 9–10 May 27–29
108 110 112 114 116
 
March 16, 1866
 
August 9, 1877
 
May 27, 1881
118 120 122 124 126
 
March 16, 1885
 
January 1, 1889
 
October 20, 1892
 
August 9, 1896
 
May 28, 1900
128 130 132 134 136
 
March 17, 1904
 
January 3, 1908
 
October 22, 1911
 
August 10, 1915
 
May 29, 1919
138 140 142 144 146
 
March 17, 1923
 
January 3, 1927
 
October 21, 1930
 
August 10, 1934
 
May 29, 1938
148 150 152 154
 
March 16, 1942
 
January 3, 1946
 
October 21, 1949
 
August 9, 1953

Tritos series

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This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
 
September 8, 1801
(Saros 112)
 
August 7, 1812
(Saros 113)
 
July 8, 1823
(Saros 114)
 
June 7, 1834
(Saros 115)
 
May 6, 1845
(Saros 116)
 
April 5, 1856
(Saros 117)
 
March 6, 1867
(Saros 118)
 
February 2, 1878
(Saros 119)
 
January 1, 1889
(Saros 120)
 
December 3, 1899
(Saros 121)
 
November 2, 1910
(Saros 122)
 
October 1, 1921
(Saros 123)
 
August 31, 1932
(Saros 124)
 
August 1, 1943
(Saros 125)
 
June 30, 1954
(Saros 126)
 
May 30, 1965
(Saros 127)
 
April 29, 1976
(Saros 128)
 
March 29, 1987
(Saros 129)
 
February 26, 1998
(Saros 130)
 
January 26, 2009
(Saros 131)
 
December 26, 2019
(Saros 132)
 
November 25, 2030
(Saros 133)
 
October 25, 2041
(Saros 134)
 
September 22, 2052
(Saros 135)
 
August 24, 2063
(Saros 136)
 
July 24, 2074
(Saros 137)
 
June 22, 2085
(Saros 138)
 
May 22, 2096
(Saros 139)
 
April 23, 2107
(Saros 140)
 
March 22, 2118
(Saros 141)
 
February 18, 2129
(Saros 142)
 
January 20, 2140
(Saros 143)
 
December 19, 2150
(Saros 144)
 
November 17, 2161
(Saros 145)
 
October 17, 2172
(Saros 146)
 
September 16, 2183
(Saros 147)
 
August 16, 2194
(Saros 148)

Inex series

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This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
 
March 4, 1802
(Saros 117)
 
February 12, 1831
(Saros 118)
 
January 23, 1860
(Saros 119)
 
January 1, 1889
(Saros 120)
 
December 14, 1917
(Saros 121)
 
November 23, 1946
(Saros 122)
 
November 3, 1975
(Saros 123)
 
October 14, 2004
(Saros 124)
 
September 23, 2033
(Saros 125)
 
September 3, 2062
(Saros 126)
 
August 15, 2091
(Saros 127)
 
July 25, 2120
(Saros 128)
 
July 5, 2149
(Saros 129)
 
June 16, 2178
(Saros 130)

References

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  1. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  2. ^ Andrew, Sherry. "Wovoka". apps.lib.umich.edu/. University of Michigan. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  3. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1889 Jan 01". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  4. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  5. ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 120". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.

Further reading

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