I've Failed You
I've Failed You | ||||
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Studio album by | ||||
Released | August 30, 2011 | |||
Studio | Beach Road (Goderich)[N 1] | |||
Genre | ||||
Length | 36:26 | |||
Label | eOne | |||
Producer | Siegfried Meier | |||
Kittie chronology | ||||
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Singles from I've Failed You | ||||
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I've Failed You is the sixth studio album by Canadian heavy metal band Kittie, released on August 30, 2011, through eOne Music. The album builds on the sound of their previous album In the Black (2009) and features more personal and introspective lyrics, drawing from various events of turmoil that vocalist and guitarist Morgan Lander experienced in the two years following the aforementioned album's release. It was produced by Siegfried Meier and was primarily recorded at Beach Road Studios in London, Ontario; Ivy Jenkins' bass tracks were recorded separately in the United States, as immigration difficulties prevented her from travelling to Canada.
I've Failed You received mixed reviews from critics; whilst some praised its production and cohesion, others criticized its generic songwriting and perceived lack of change from the band's previous albums. The album debuted at number 178 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 3,000 copies in its first week. Between August 2011 and May 2012, Kittie embarked on tours of the United States, Canada and Australia. Due to rising costs associated with touring and writing new music and decreasing interest in their live shows, I've Failed You would be Kittie's last album for almost 13 years, until the release of Fire (2024).
Music, writing and recording
[edit]"I don’t want to say it’s a concept record, but pretty much every song is about the same thing. It’s about things that happen in your life that you have no control over, the feeling that you’ve let someone down. It’s weird; I didn’t put too much thought into what I wanted to call the album. I guess I wanted to be as honest as possible. A lot of the lyrics that I’ve written in the past are very veiled, and I guess I tried to leave them as open to interpretation as possible so people could read into them whatever they wanted. I didn’t want to be too personal in the past, but this time it was a bit different. I wanted to put all my cards on the table and say exactly how I felt."
— Morgan Lander on the meaning and themes of I've Failed You[2]
I've Failed You has been described as death metal[3][4] and heavy metal.[5] The album is a continuation of their fifth album In the Black (2009), expanding upon its style and production.[6][7][8] Exclaim! considered it to be the band's "darkest, most personal and emotional release thus far".[9] The album's lyrics drew from various events of turmoil that vocalist and guitarist Morgan Lander experienced in the two years following the release of In the Black,[9][10] the most notable being the end of a decade-long relationship and the death of David Lander, Morgan and drummer Mercedes Lander's father and Kittie's manager, in 2008.[2][8] Although Morgan found it difficult to go into detail about the album's lyrics in interviews,[9] Mercedes would describe them as "quite literal".[10]
Following a brief hiatus after returning from touring in October 2010, Kittie began working on new material on January 1, 2011.[9][1] Morgan said that the band did not begin writing material from scratch, as they had saved a few ideas beforehand;[1] the main riff for "We Are the Lamb", for example, dates back to 2008 or 2009.[9] The band finished writing in early March,[11] and in mid-April 2011 they commenced the recording of I've Failed You with producer Siegfried Meier at Beach Road Studios in London, Ontario.[12] Recording sessions lasted a total of three weeks.[13] As with In the Black, Meier used a Studer A827 tape machine to record I've Failed You's tracks; Mercedes drums, which had been recorded digitally on In the Black, were also tracked using the tape machine.[1] Kittie and Meier experimented with different amplifiers, microphones and effects to cature different guitar tones and sounds.[1] For Mercedes' drums, Meier used 23 microphones/tracks, keeping one spare for Morgan's guide guitar track.[1][14]
Due to immigration difficulties preventing her from joining the other members of Kittie in Canada, Meier was forced to travel to the United States with a mobile recording setup to record Ivy Jenkins' bass tracks, which he recorded with no distortion so he could run them through a bass amplifier and some comps at Beach Road.[1][15] In a 2011 interview with OnMilwaukee, Meier said that he and Kittie had joking compared the album's "bassless" sound during production to Metallica's ...And Justice for All.[1] Despite this setback, the other members of Kittie managed to keep Jenkins as involved as possible with the album during production, sending her rough mixes as recording progressed.[1] The band had initially planned on having Jenkins send material over to them as well, but this was scrapped due to time constraints.[16]
"We Are the Lamb" is about one's self-sacrifice, or one "becoming the sacrificial lamb", to allow themselves or someone they love to move on.[17][18] Its lyrics were written by Mercedes, who gave Morgan "a sheet of paper that was more of a poem" and told her to extrapolate from it.[9][18] "Empires, Pt. 1" and "Empires, Pt. 2" both share the same chords and structure, with the former being a solo acoustic piece written and performed by lead guitarist Tara McLeod and the latter a heavier, more aggressive song.[19][20] According to Morgan, the latter song compares a relationship to an empire, and how "even the most mighty and powerful of empires [will] crumble and fall eventually. Nothing is forever."[19]
Release
[edit]Promotion
[edit]On July 20, 2011, Kittie exclusively announced the release of I've Failed You on Noisecreep and premiered "We Are the Lamb" as its lead single.[21] Its music video, released on August 30, 2011,[22] was produced by MGYNYC, a video production company run by Dave Brodsky and Allison Woest, whom Kittie had previously worked with on the music videos for "Cut Throat" and "Sorrow I Know" (both off of In the Black).[23] Mercedes described the video as the band's "take on the [1970s] italian zombie movie", with her and Morgan both noting their love of horror movies.[10][23] On August 2, 2011, the album's second single, "Empires Pt. 2", was premiered through Revolver magazine's website, with a music video for the song being released on August 15, 2011.[19][24]
On August 23, 2011, Kittie made I've Failed You available for streaming through Exclaim!.[25][26] The album was officially released in the United States through eOne Music on August 30, 2011, and in Europe through Massacre Records on September 5, 2011.[27] Selling 3,000 copies in its first week of release, the album debuted and peaked at number 178 on the US Billboard 200 chart.[28][29] The album also made appearances on three other Billboard charts, peaking at number 10 on the Top Hard Rock Albums, number 26 on the Top Independent Albums and number 46 on the Top Rock & Alternative Albums charts.[29]
Touring
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kittie_Gramercy_Theatre_2012_brighter.png/296px-Kittie_Gramercy_Theatre_2012_brighter.png)
Kittie began touring in support of I've Failed You on August 11, 2011, when they performed at the Gathering of the Juggalos in Cave-In-Rock, Illinois.[30] From August 12 to September 21, 2011, they toured the United States, taking Dirge Within and Diamond Plate with them as support.[31] In mid-February 2012, the band performed two shows in Canada before embarking on their first tour of Australia since 2002, between February 25 and March 5, 2012.[32] Prior to these performances, on February 13, 2012, Kittie announced that they would be amicably parting ways with Ivy Jenkins and that Trish Doan, who played bass on the band's fourth album Funeral for Yesterday (2007), would rejoin the band following their performance at the Soundwave Festival in Sydney on February 26, 2012.[33][34] Doan previously left the band in mid-2007 after struggling with anorexia athletica-nervosa whilst on tour.[35][36][37] McLeod said that it "was a great regret for Trish that things didn't work out for her the first time, and I think she did want that second opportunity to kind of try again. Kinda prove to herself that she could do it."[38] Following the Australia tour, Kittie toured the United States and Canada again from April 10 to May 25, 2012, supported by The Agonist (from April 19 onwards),[39] Blackguard and Bonded by Blood.[40][41]
On September 7, 2013, Kittie performed their only show for that year at the Spread the Metal Festival at The Opera House in Toronto.[42] It would be the band's final performance for nearly four years, as the band would enter a hiatus, citing rising costs associated with touring and writing new music and decreasing interest in their live shows.[43][44][45][46] Both Morgan and Mercedes felt that Kittie had "overstayed [their] welcome" by the release of I've Failed You;[44] the former noted that the band were sometimes playing to crowds of 50 people on their final tour with Blackguard and The Agonist, which she found particularly discouraging.[47] In a 2024 interview with Primordial Radio, Morgan also stated:
The [music] industry is hard, and [we were] slugging it out on the road, not really feeling as supported as I think we probably could have been by our former label [eOne]. I thought at the time we were putting out some of the best music that we had written up to that point with very little return, and it got tiring. It can be a really, really tough business, and expensive as well. If you're just out there in a van not making tons of money, it's like one show after another. And it is physically and can be emotionally exhausting.[48]
Doan would remain with Kittie until her death on February 11, 2017.[49] Though never officially breaking up,[44] Kittie remained largely inactive until January 2022, at which point Jenkins rejoined the band.[50] In 2024, they released their album for almost 13 years, Fire.[51]
Critical reception
[edit]Review scores | |
---|---|
Source | Rating |
AllMusic | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Blabbermouth.net | 7/10[52] |
Consequence of Sound | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Decibel | 3/10[54] |
Edmonton Journal | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
laut.de | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Metal.de | 6/10[57] |
Metal Hammer | 6/10[4] |
Now | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
I've Failed You received mixed reviews from critics. Exclaim!'s Denise Falzon referred to the album as Kittie's "most accomplished release to date", praising its production and greater cohesion of its members' talents.[7] No Clean Singing reviewer Andy Synn felt that the band had "finally refined their formula almost perfectly", combining the band's heavy and melancholy material "with more force and clarity than ever before."[20] Scott Alisoglu of Blabbermouth.net similarly praised the album's production and dynamics, considering it "proof of Kittie's staying power and their ability to make music that packs a heck of a punch."[52] However, he felt that its mellower, alternative rock-inspired tracks—namely "Never Coming Home" and "Time Never Heals"—"[flirted] with the generic".[52] Holly Wright of Metal Hammer praised the album's "sledgehammer" riffs and guitar solos, but noted that it occasionally "[sounded] a bit too much like Gwen Stefani covering At the Gates".[4] Andreas Himmelstein and Frank Albrecht, both from Rock Hard, gave differing opinions.[3] Himmelstein gave the album a 5 out of 10, criticizing its "total lack of ideas" and Morgan Lander's limited range, whilst Albrecht gave the album a 7.5 out of 10, finding its mix of death metal riffs and melodic vocals to be "highly entertaining".[3]
James Christopher Monger of AllMusic found the album "nearly interchangeable with [Kittie'] previous releases", something he felt would appeal to their fans but "likely provide a whole lot of ammunition for their detractors."[5] Expressing similar sentients, Decibel stated: "if Kittie is your thing, you are going to like this; if not, it pecking sucks [sic]."[54] Michael Edele of laut.de noted that the album was Kittie's most varied but was unsure of its general appeal, "since the die-hard fans are only partially catered for and there is probably no such thing as a casual buyer anymore."[56] Carla Gillis of Now criticized the album's failure to "improve on or diverge from" Kittie's previous albums, as well as its lack of "memorable lyrics, riffs or melodies".[58] Katharina of Metal.de felt the album was monotonous, uninspired, and lacking in focus.[57] David Buchanan of Consequence of Sound criticized the album's generic imagery, music, song and album titles and considered it a "[reminder] of what happens to nu-metal bands who once submitted stellar cover songs before flickering into maddening obsolescence."[53]
Track listing
[edit]All songs written by Kittie.[59]
No. | Title | Length |
---|---|---|
1. | "I've Failed You" | 2:11 |
2. | "We Are the Lamb" | 2:51 |
3. | "Whisper of Death" | 4:18 |
4. | "What Have I Done?" | 5:25 |
5. | "Empires, Pt. 1" | 2:13 |
6. | "Empires, Pt. 2" | 3:41 |
7. | "Come Undone" | 2:15 |
8. | "Already Dead" | 2:51 |
9. | "Never Come Home" | 3:15 |
10. | "Ugly" | 2:57 |
11. | "Time Never Heals" | 4:30 |
Total length: | 36:26 |
Personnel
[edit]Adapted from CD liner notes.[59]
Kittie
Production
|
Artwork
|
Charts
[edit]Chart (2011) | Peak
position |
---|---|
US Billboard 200[29] | 178 |
US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard)[29] | 10 |
US Top Independent Albums (Billboard)[29] | 26 |
US Top Rock & Alternative Albums (Billboard)[29] | 46 |
Release history
[edit]Reigon | Label | Format | Date | Catalog # | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States | eOne Music | August 30, 2011 | EOM-CD-2153 | [21] | |
Germany | Massacre Records | September 2, 2011 | MAS CD0728 | [60] | |
Europe | September 5, 2011 | [27] |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Ivy Jenkins' bass tracks were recorded in the United States and reworked by Meier at Beach Road.[1]
References
[edit]Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Schulze, John (August 21, 2011). "Kittie builds on a career's worth of metal". OnMilwaukee. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
- ^ a b Begai, Carl (September 20, 2011). "Kittie - The Mourning After". bravewords.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ a b c Himmelstein, Andreas; Albrecht, Frank (August 24, 2011). "I've Failed You". Rock Hard (in German). Vol. 292. Archived from the original on April 14, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
- ^ a b c Wright 2011.
- ^ a b c Monger, James Christopher. "I've Failed You - Kittie". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
- ^ Leivers, Dannii (April 6, 2024). ""We were coming back and taking no prisoners": every Kittie album in their own words". Metal Hammer. Retrieved April 9, 2024 – via loudersound.
- ^ a b Falzon, Denise (August 29, 2011). "Kittie - I've Failed You". Exclaim!. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
- ^ a b Harde 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Falzon, Denise (August 25, 2011). "Kittie's Morgan Lander". Exclaim!. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ a b c Källmalm, Daniel (October 16, 2011). "Kittie: The Kittens are back!" (PDF). hallowed.se. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 17, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
- ^ Blabbermouth (March 9, 2011). "Kittie Completes Writing 'Most Pissed-Off-Sounding Record We Have Ever Had'". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on July 30, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Blabbermouth (April 11, 2011). "Kittie To Enter Studio Next Week". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
- ^ Gencarelli, Mike (August 28, 2011). "Interview with Kittie's Mercedes Lander". Media Mikes. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
- ^ Simms, Kelley (October 10, 2011). "Interview with Kittie". Metal Maniacs. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ McCallum 2017, 1:20:41–1:21:07.
- ^ McCallum 2017, 1:21:40–1:21:59.
- ^ BraveWords (July 20, 2011). "Kittie Reveal More I've Failed You Album Details; New Song Available Now". bravewords.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ a b Prato, Greg (October 14, 2015). "Morgan Lander of Kittie : Songwriter Interviews". Songfacts. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
- ^ a b c Grow, Kory (August 2, 2011). "Kittie Premiere "Empires (Part 2)"". Revolver. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ a b Islander; Synn, Andy (September 7, 2011). "Kittie: "I've Failed You"". No Clean Singing. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Ramirez, Carlos (July 20, 2011). "Kittie Return With a Vengeance on 'We Are the Lamb' — Song Premiere". Noisecreep. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
- ^ Blabbermouth (August 30, 2011). "Kittie: 'We Are The Lamb' Video Released". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Ehrhardt, Claudia (September 29, 2011). "Metal World :: Kittie". ice-vajal.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Blabbermouth (August 15, 2011). "Kittie: 'Empires (Part 2)' Video Released". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Falzon, Denise (August 23, 2011). "Kittie". Exclaim!. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Blabbermouth (August 23, 2011). "Kittie: Entire New Album Available For Streaming". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Goodwyn, Tom (September 5, 2011). "This Week's New Music Releases: September 5 2011". NME. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
- ^ Blabbermouth (September 7, 2011). "Kittie: 'I've Failed You' First-Week Sales Revealed". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f "Kittie". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ wookubus (June 5, 2011). "CKY, Kittie, Saliva, Etc. To Perform At 2011 "Gathering Of The Juggalos"". ThePRP. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Blabbermouth (June 2, 2011). "Kittie To Tour U.S. With Dirge Within, Diamond Plate". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Crabb, Brendan (February 16, 2012). "Kittie: Failure is Not an Option". loudmag.com.au. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Blabbermouth (February 13, 2012). "Kittie Parts Ways With Ivy Vujic, Welcomes Back Bassist Trish Doan". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Blabbermouth (March 4, 2012). "Kittie: 'Soundwave Festival' Performance Footage Available". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Cadoni, Miriam (November 7, 2012). "Interview : Morgan Lander - Kittie (2009)". Femme Metal Webzine. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ^ McCallum 2017, 59:56–1:01:15.
- ^ Blabbermouth (March 4, 2008). "Kittie Parts Ways With Bassist Trish Doan". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ McCallum 2017, 1:27:21–1:27:35.
- ^ "The Agonist cancels first 9 shows of Kittie tour". lambgoat.com. April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Adams, Gregory (December 1, 2011). "Kittie Announce Sprawling North American Tour". Exclaim!. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Anon. (March 25, 2012). "Updated Tour Dates!". kittierocks.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ BraveWords (September 29, 2013). "Kittie - Five More Songs From Toronto's Spread The Metal Festival Posted, Video Available". bravewords.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ John (July 3, 2014). "An interview with Morgan Lander of Kittie". London Groove Machine. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c Begai, Carl (April 15, 2024). "Kittie - Rise Above The Flames". bravewords.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
- ^ Leivers, Dannii (April 29, 2024). ""A lot of the things we were doing 25 years ago seemed so new." Kittie broke the mould in the male-dominated world of nu metal. Now they're back for an almighty victory lap". Metal Hammer. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024 – via loudersound.
- ^ McCallum 2017, 3:52, 4:04.
- ^ Appleford, Steve (July 30, 2024). ""I've got poop on me!" We took Kittie to a cat cafe (obviously) to ask them about their amazing comeback, the nu metal nostalgia train and surviving the music industry as a band of young women". Metal Hammer. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024 – via loudersound.
- ^ Blabbermouth (July 15, 2024). "Morgan Lander On Kittie's Comeback: 'If It's Not Fun, Then There's No Point In Doing It'". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (February 14, 2017). "Kittie Bassist Trish Doan Dies at 31". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
- ^ Blabbermouth (January 26, 2022). "Kittie Announces Band Lineup For Reunion Shows". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
- ^ Carter, Emily (May 8, 2024). "Kittie announce first new album in 13 years: "We cannot wait for you to lose yourselves in the passion and strength of Fire"". Kerrang!. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
- ^ a b c Alisoglu, Scott (October 17, 2011). "I've Failed You". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
- ^ a b Buchanan, David (August 29, 2011). "Album Review: Kittie - I've Failed You". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ a b Bonazelli, Andrew (August 26, 2011). "For Those About to Squawk: Waldo's Pecks of the Week". Decibel. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Bennett 2011.
- ^ a b Edele, Michael (September 2, 2011). "Kein großer Keks trotz großem Abwechslungsreichtum" [Not a big biscuit despite great variety.]. laut.de (in German). Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ a b Catherine (August 13, 2011). "Kittie - I've Failed You Review". Metal.de (in German). Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
- ^ a b Gillis, Carla (January 5, 2012). "Kittie - I've Failed You". Now. Vol. 31, no. 19. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
- ^ a b I've Failed You (booklet). Port Washington: eOne Music. 2011. EOM-CD-2153.
{{cite AV media notes}}
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ignored (help) - ^ "Schedule". massacre-records.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
Bibliography
- Bennett, Jarrod (August 30, 2011). "Quick Hits (and Misses)". Edmonton Journal (Arts & Life). p. C3. ProQuest 886976902.
- Harde, Erin (April 19, 2012). "Fire still rages for refined, mature Kittie". Regina Leader-Post. p. B3. ProQuest 1008686179.
- McCallum, Rob (director) (2017). Kittie: Origins/Evolutions (Motion picture). Canada: Lightyear Entertainment.
- Wright, Holly (December 2011). "The Gospel". Metal Hammer. No. 225. UK: Future plc. p. 104.
External links
[edit]- I've Failed You on YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
- kittiechannel (July 22, 2011). KITTIE The making of "I'VE FAILED YOU" PT 1. Retrieved February 26, 2024 – via YouTube.
- kittiechannel (July 22, 2011). KITTIE The making of "I'VE FAILED YOU" PT 2. Retrieved February 26, 2024 – via YouTube.
- kittiechannel (July 22, 2011). KITTIE The making of "I'VE FAILED YOU" PT 3. Retrieved February 26, 2024 – via YouTube.
- kittiechannel (July 24, 2011). KITTIE The making of "I'VE FAILED YOU" PT 4. Retrieved February 26, 2024 – via YouTube.
- Gargano, Paul (July 2011). "Kittie Biography" (PDF). massacre-records.com (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2024.