Jellyfish stings in Australia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Irukandji-jellyfish-queensland-australia.jpg/300px-Irukandji-jellyfish-queensland-australia.jpg)
![A signpost warns swimmers of the presence of Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish)](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Marinesting1.jpg/220px-Marinesting1.jpg)
Jellyfish stings in Australia can cause pain, paralysis and death for swimmers with exposed skin. Numerous venomous species of jellyfish occur in Australian waters, including the box jellyfish and Irukandji Jellyfish. Box jellyfish are believed to have caused at least 69 deaths since record keeping began in 1883.[1][2] Although they are commonly mistaken for jellyfish, bluebottles are actually siphonophores.
Numbers of stings
[edit]Irukandji are rarely found outside Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Between 1985 and 1997 from cases of Irukandji sting where location was recorded, there were 83.4% in Queensland, 9.1% in the Northern Territory, and 7.5% in Western Australia; 81.5% of cases occurred in the afternoon.[3] In a fourteen-year period there were 660 Irukandji stings in Australia, which were recorded by Dr Fenner, a medical officer with Surf Lifesaving Australia.[4] There were 159 Irukandji stings reported in Broome in a five-year period with 25% of those stung being hospitalised but no recorded deaths.[5] There were 62 people reported being stung by Irukandji in Cairns in 1996; of these more than half occurred in December, 92% were stung on hotter than average days, with 63% occurring while swimming inside a stinger net enclosure on the beach.[6] In summer 2001–02 there were 160 people stung by the middle of February, with around 100 of these in Cairns, and between 10 and 20 in Townsville, the Whitsundays, Great Keppel and Agnes Water.[7]
Northern Territory hospitals report approximately 40 jellyfish stings annually.[8]
List of fatal stings
[edit]This is a list of fatal jellyfish stings that occurred in Australian territorial waters by decade in reverse chronological order.
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21st century
[edit]Name | Age | Year | Month | Species | State or Territory | Location; Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unnamed boy | 14 | 2022 | February | Chironex Fleckeri | Queensland | Eimeo Beach, Mackay. |
Unnamed boy | 17 | 2021 | February | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Cape York. Patterson Point, near Bamaga. |
Unnamed victims | 74 and 76 | 2016 | November | Irukandji (suspected, not confirmed) | Queensland | Michelmas Cay. Two French tourists died within 10 minutes of each other. Hypothesis formed by cardiologist. Dismissed as speculation by tour operator.[9] |
Unnamed boy | 6 | 2007 | November | Chironex fleckeri | Northern Territory | [8] |
Unnamed girl | 7 | 2006 | January | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Umagico Beach near Bamaga.[10] |
Unnamed boy | 7 | 2003 | March | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Wongaling Beach near Cairns,[2] stung on chest and neck. Allegedly the 68th person in Australia known to have died from a chironex fleckeri sting since records began in 1883.[11] |
Unnamed male | 44 | 2002 | April | Queensland | Port Douglas[12][11][13] | |
Unnamed male | 58 | 2002 | January | Irukandji | Queensland | Hamilton Island, Whitsunday Islands [12][13] |
Unnamed boy | 5 | 2000 | January | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Yarrabah, near Cairns[11] |
20th century
[edit]Name | Age | Year | Month | Species | State or Territory | Location; Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unnamed boy | 5 | 1987 | January | box jellyfish | [14] | |
Unnamed boy | 6 | 1984 | January | box jellyfish | Queensland | Lockhart River, 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of Cooktown.[15] |
Unnamed boy | 5 | 1980 | December | Queensland | Wongaling, near Tully. Animals were observed by victim's older brother.[16] | |
Unnamed woman | 26[16] | 1971 | November | Queensland | North Mission Beach. Investigated by Dr J. S. Barnes of Cairns.[17] | |
Gregory Noel Jarrot | 12 | 1971 | January | Queensland | Seaforth Beach, 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Mackay.[18] | |
Terence Barney | 5 | 1965 | January | Queensland | Mornington Island, Gulf of Carpentaria. Aboriginal boy was pronounced DOA at hospital.[19] | |
Paul Haritos | 6 | 1964 | Chironex fleckeri | Northern Territory | Mica Beach, four miles from Darwin. Victim was standing in calf-deep water. Collapsed instantly and died quickly.[20] | |
Unnamed girl | 1963-64 | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Occurred "a few months earlier" than the Paul Haritos incident.[20] | ||
Lynette Mary Starkey | 11 | 1957 | Queensland | North Mission Beach, Queensland.[21] Stung on the legs while bathing with other children in shallow water. Collapsed on the beach and died. Weals visible on her legs.[22] | ||
Unnamed boy | 1955 | box jellyfish or sea wasp[23] | Queensland | Cardwell[14] | ||
Clarke William Currow | 8 | 1954 | February | Northern Territory | Darwin, close to Larrakeyah army barracks, three yards from shore.[24][25] Died a few minutes after being stung.[26][27] | |
James Ernest Lane | 33 | 1953 | July | box jellyfish (definitely not a Portuguese Man o' War) | Queensland | Saltwater Creek, Townsville.[14][28][29][30] Victim experienced severe pain, paralysis and frothing at the mouth.[31] |
Unnamed victim | 1951 | box jellyfish | Queensland | Kissing Point Baths, Townsville[14] | ||
Wojcik Czestaw | 31 | 1950 | Chironex fleckeri | Northern Territory | Mindil Beach, Darwin.[32] Died within minutes of being stung. Specimen was collected and identified by Frank McNeill, curator of invertebrates at the Australian Museum. Victim's name was also reported as Wokeik (rather than Wojcik).[33] | |
Brian Andrew McNamara | 10 | 1949 | December | box jellyfish | Queensland | North Mission Beach near Tully.[14][34][35][36][21] |
Unnamed man | 1944 | January | sea wasp[37] | Northern Territory | Victim was a serviceman.[38] | |
Robert Ernest Day | 8 | 1941 | Queensland | Rowe's Bay, Townsville.[39] Boy died en route to hospital.[39] | ||
Unnamed boy | 1939 | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Googarra and Proserpine.[14][40] | ||
Thomas "Tommy" Frederick Chandler | 11 | 1938 | March | sea wasp[37] | Northern Territory | Lameroo Beach, Darwin. Government baths. Stung on chest, body and face.[41] Jellyfish specimen was collected for analysis.[42] Victim's name was also reported as Robert Chandler.[43] Chandler died 15–20 minutes after being stung.[44] A boy called Bennie Babun who went to his rescue was also stung and hospitalised.[45] Others stung during prior fortnight were treated with morphine.[46] |
David William Taylor | 19 | 1937 | box jellyfish | Queensland | Bramston Beach near Babinda, Cairns.[14] Stung while in waist-deep water. Assisted from the water by George Giffin but collapsed and died thereafter.[47] | |
Salvatore Cantarella | 1934 | box jellyfish[citation needed] | Queensland | Googarra Beach, near Tully.[14][48][49][50] Marks on right leg and left foot. Believed to have died of shock and heart failure after the sting. Post-mortem conducted by Dr. A. R. Townsend.[51] | ||
Maurice Woods | 7 | 1930 | January | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Magnetic Island, near Townsville.[52] |
"Mr. Mann" | 1923 | February | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Proserpine[14][53][54] | |
Charles Trenaman | 15 | 1916 | March | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Rowes Bay, near Townsville[55] Stung on neck, body, shoulder and legs. Died about 10 minutes later from "nerve shock from pain".[55] |
Albert George | 1911 | May | Queensland | Cannon Valley beach, Pioneer Bay, near Mackay.[56][57][58] Arms attached to the boy's belly, torso and arms. Victim lost consciousness and died within half an hour.[59] Open bathing at this location was prohibited after this second death within 6 months.[60] | ||
Gould | 1910-11 | Queensland | Occurred during Christmas holiday period. Cannon Valley beach, Pioneer Bay, near Mackay.[58] |
19th century
[edit]Name | Age | Year | Month | Species | State or Territory | Location; Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fred Harwood | 14 | 1892 | November | Chironex fleckeri | Northern Territory | Sea baths, Darwin[61][62] |
Unnamed victim | 1885 | January | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Townsville [63] | |
Frederick William Smith | 11 | 1884 | December | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Ross Creek, Townsville[64][14] |
Unnamed victim | 8 | 1879 | c. April | Chironex fleckeri | Queensland | Cleveland Bay, Townsville [65] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Chironex fleckeri (Box Jellyfish) Archived 9 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine NT Dept. of health and community services
- ^ a b Boy's death from box jellyfish 'avoidable', says expert SMH, 24 March 2003
- ^ Irukandji stings 1985/97 Marine Medic
- ^ Australian Jellyfish Archived 25 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Port Douglas
- ^ Irukandji At Broome Beaches Kimberley Australia travel guide
- ^ A year's experience of Irukandji envenomation in far north Queensland Medical Journal of Australia, Mark Little and Richard F Mulcahy
- ^ Stinging Jellyfish in tropical Australia Archived 19 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Reef Research Centre
- ^ a b Government, Northern Territory (12 May 2016). "Jellyfish". nt.gov.au. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "French tourists likely to have been stung by Irukandji jellyfish: cardiologist". ABC News. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ Lifesavers sound warning after jellyfish death ABC News, Lifesavers sound warning after jellyfish death
- ^ a b c "Boy dies from box jelly fish sting - theage.com.au". www.theage.com.au. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b "What You Need to Know About the Potentially Fatal Irukandji Jellyfish". TripSavvy. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Toxic shock from stinger family". www.abc.net.au. 15 October 2002. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Venomous and poisonous marine animals: a medical and biological handbook 1996 p. 42 By John A. Williamson, Joseph W. Burnett, Peter J. Fenner, Jacqueline F. Rifkin
- ^ "Jellyfish kills boy". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 1 February 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b "Marine stinger kills boy". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 19 December 1980. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Fatal sting". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 22 November 1971. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Boy dies of jellyfish stings". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 2 January 1971. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Sting kills Aborigine". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 19 January 1965. p. 17. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b "Boy Killed By Sea Wasp". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 24 February 1964. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b "Shock Was Cause of Boy's Death". Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906–1954). 21 December 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Child Dies From Stings in Surf". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 14 December 1957. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Killer Sea Wasps Identified At [?]bane Museum". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 18 December 1956. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "JELLYFISH KILLS BOY". Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906–1954). 1 March 1954. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "JELLYFISH KILLED BOY". Barrier Miner (Broken Hill, NSW : 1888–1954). 2 March 1954. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "YOUTH DIED FROM JELLYFISH STING". Maryborough Chronicle (Qld. : 1947–1954). 1 March 1954. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "DARWIN BOY DIES". Goulburn Evening Post (NSW : 1940–1954). 1 March 1954. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Killed By Jellyfish". West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879–1954). 22 July 1953. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "JELLYFISH KILLS MAN". Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869–1954). 22 July 1953. p. 71. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "JELLY FISH KILLED MAN". Macleay Argus (Kempsey, NSW : 1885 - 1907; 1909 - 1910; 1912 - 1913; 1915 - 1916; 1918–1954). 27 July 1953. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "MYSTERY STING CAUSES DEATH". Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933–1954). 28 May 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "MIGRANT DIES FROM STING BY JELLYFISH". Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869–1954). 6 December 1950. p. 4. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "FATAL JELLYFISH WAS SEA WASP". Illawarra Daily Mercury (Wollongong, NSW : 1950–1954). 5 December 1950. p. 2. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "FATAL STING BY JELLYFISH". National Advocate (Bathurst, NSW : 1889–1954). 20 December 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "MONSTER JELLYFISH KILLS BOY". Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957). 20 December 1949. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "JELLYFISH STINGS BOY TO DEATH". Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869–1954). 21 December 1949. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b ""SEA WASP" AS KILLER". Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910–1954). 9 September 1945. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "It Was Sea Wasp That Killed N.T. Soldier". Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861–1954). 22 January 1944. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b "JELLYFISH KILLS BOY". Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933–1954). 8 December 1941. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "POISONED BY JELLYFISH". News (Adelaide, SA : 1923–1954). 21 December 1939. p. 2. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "JELLYFISH STING KILLS BOY". Labor Daily (Sydney, NSW : 1924–1938). 14 March 1938. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Stung By Huge Jellyfish, Half-Caste Boy Dies". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931–1954). 14 March 1938. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "SWIMMER DIES". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW : 1876–1954). 14 March 1938. p. 9. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Fatal Jellyfish Sting". Truth (Sydney, NSW : 1894–1954). 13 March 1938. p. 19. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "JELLYFISH STING KILLS HALF-CASTE". Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW : 1931–1954). 14 March 1938. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Boy Killed By Jellyfish". Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912–1954). 12 March 1938. p. 9. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Bather's Death From Sting of Jellyfish". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931–1954). 22 January 1937. p. 26. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "STUNG BY JELLYFISH". Northern Standard (Darwin, NT : 1921–1955). 28 December 1934. p. 14. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "STUNG BY JELLYFISH". Recorder (Port Pirie, SA : 1919–1954). 28 December 1934. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "DIED IN AGONY". Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869–1954). 5 January 1935. p. 22. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "MAN KILLED BY JELLY FISH". Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854–1954). 10 January 1935. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "STUNG BY JELLYFISH". Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854–1954). 15 January 1930. p. 10. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "BREVITIES". Illawarra Mercury (Wollongong, NSW : 1856 - 1950). 2 February 1923. p. 8. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
- ^ "Advertising". Tweed Daily (Murwillumbah, NSW : 1914 - 1949). 17 January 1923. p. 3. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
- ^ a b "BOY KILLED BY JELLY -FISH". Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906–1954). 8 March 1916. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ A Lad's death, stung by a jellyfish The Mercury, 6 May 1911
- ^ "JELLYFISH STINGS". Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910–1954). 6 May 1911. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b "DEADLY JELLY-FISH". Australasian (Melbourne, Vic. : 1864–1946). 13 May 1911. p. 39. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "STUNG BY A JELLY-FISH". Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842–1954). 6 May 1911. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "FATALtTIES FROM JELLYFISH STINGS". Evening Telegraph (Charters Towers, Qld. : 1901–1921). 12 May 1911. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "DEATH FROM THE STING OF A JELLYFISH". Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW : 1883–1930). 21 November 1892. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "SUDDEN DEATH AT PORT DARWIN". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889–1931). 21 November 1892. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "TOWNSVILLE". The Capricornian (Rockhampton, Qld : 1875 - 1929). 24 January 1885. p. 4. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ "ITEMS OF NEWS". Mount Alexander Mail (Vic. : 1854 - 1917). 16 January 1885. p. 2. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ^ "Notes made in North Australia". The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1871 - 1912). 9 October 1880. p. 692. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
External links
[edit]- Box Jellyfish, dangers on the Great Barrier Reef
- reefed.edu.au, Jellyfish Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- Stinging Jellyfish in tropical Australia, Reef Research Centre
- Jellyfish, treatment for stings, Australian Venom Compendium
- Jellyfish in Tropical North Australia, Jellyfish in Tropical North Australia
- https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jul/29/stung-by-one-deadliest-creatures-earth-experience#img-1