Northern Khanty language
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|
| Northern Khanty | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
| Ethnicity | 15,000 northern Khanty[1] |
Native speakers | (c. 10,000 cited 1993)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Cyrillic | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (all Khanty varieties) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
1of | |
kca-nor | |
| Glottolog | nort3264 Northern Khanty |
| ELP |
|
 Map of Khanty and Mansi varieties in the early 20th century, with Northern Khanty | |
Northern Khanty is a Uralic language, frequently considered a dialect of a unified Khanty language, spoken by about 9,000 people.[2] It is the most widely spoken out of all the Khanty languages, the majority composed of 5,000 speakers in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.[3] The reason for this discrepancy is that dialects of Northern Khanty have been better preserved in its northern reaches, and the Middle Ob and Kazym dialects are losing favor to Russian. All four dialects have been literary, beginning with the Middle Ob dialects, but shifting to Kazym, and back to Middle Ob, now the most used dialect in writing.[4] The Shuryshkary dialects are also written, primarily due to an administrative division between the two, as the latter is spoken in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.[3]
Dialects
[edit]- Obdorsk (Priuralsky District)
- Berjozov (Synja, Muzhi, Shuryshkar), Kazym, Sherkal
Transitional
[edit]- Atlym, Nizyam
Phonology
[edit]Kazym
[edit]Consonants
[edit]The Kazym dialect distinguishes 18 consonants.
| Bilabial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | nʲ | ɳ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | p | t | k | ||||
| Fricative | central | s | sʲ | ʂ | x | ||
| lateral | ɬ | ɬʲ | |||||
| Approximant | central | w | j | ||||
| lateral | l | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
Vowels
[edit]The vowel inventory is much simpler. Eight vowels are distinguished in initial syllables: six full /i e a ɒ o u/ and four reduced /ĭ ă ŏ ŭ/. In unstressed syllables, four values are found: /ɑ ə ĕ ĭ/.[6][7]
A similarly simple vowel inventory is found in the Nizyam, Sherkal, and Berjozov dialects, which have full /e a ɒ u/ and reduced /ĭ ɑ̆ ŏ ŭ/. Aside from the full vs. reduced contrast rather than one of length, this is identical to that of the adjacent Sosva dialect of Mansi.[8]
Obdorsk
[edit]Vowels
[edit]The Obdorsk dialect has retained full close vowels and has a nine-vowel system: full vowels /i e æ ɑ o u/ and reduced vowels /æ̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/.[8]
Consonants
[edit]However, it has a simpler consonant inventory, having the lateral approximants /l lʲ/ in place of the fricatives /ɬ ɬʲ/ and having fronted *š *ṇ to /s n/.
Alphabet
[edit]Kazym
[edit]The alphabet of the Kazym dialect is as follows:[9]
| А а | Ӑ ӑ | В в | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | Ԓ ԓ (Ԯ ԯ) |
| Љ љ | М м | Н н | Њ њ | Ӈ ӈ (Ң ң) | О о | Ө ө | П п |
| Р р | С с | Т т | ( )
|
У у | Ў ў | Х х | Ш ш |
| Щ щ | Ь ь | Ы ы | Э э | Ә ә |
Palatalised consonants are designated by either ь or a yotated character.[10]
| Cyrillic | а | ӑ | в | и | й | к | л | љ | ԓ | м | н | њ | ӈ | о | ө | п | р | с | т |  [12]
|
у | ў | х | ш | щ | ы | є | э | ә |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | ɑ | ɐ | β | i | j | k | l | ɬʲ | ɬ | m | n | nʲ | ŋ | ɔ | ɵ | p | r | s | t | tʲ | u | ʉ | x | ʃ | sʲ | ɨ | ɛ | e | ə |
Vocabulary examples
[edit]Example text
[edit]Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kazym Khanty:
- Хуԯыева мирӑт вәԯьня па имуртӑн вәԯты щира сєма питԯӑт. Ԯыв нумсаңӑт па ԯывеԯа еԯєм атум ут вєрты па кўтэԯн ԯыв ԯәхсӑңа вәԯԯӑт.[13]
- (Хуԓыева мирӑт вәԓьня па имуртӑн вәԓты щира сєма питԓӑт. Ԓыв нумсаӈӑт па ԓывеԓа еԓєм атум ут вєрты па кўтэԓн ԓыв ԓәхсӑӈа вәԓԓӑт.)
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Endangered languages in Northeast Asia: report". University of Helsinki. 2019-02-11. Archived from the original on February 11, 2019. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
- ^ "Севернохантыйский язык | Minority languages of Russia". minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
- ^ a b Salminen, Tapani (2023). "Demography, endangerment, and revitalization". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-138-65084-8.
- ^ Comrie, Bernard (1981). The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge [Eng.] ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29877-3.
- ^ Honti 1998, p. 338.
- ^ Honti 1998, p. 337.
- ^ Каксин, А. Д. (2010). Казымский диалект хантыйского языка (PDF). Ханты-Мансийск. ISBN 978-5-9611-0041-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Abondolo 1998, p. 360.
- ^ a b The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, p. 97.
- ^ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022.
- ^ The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages 2022, pp. 585–586.
- ^ "Proposal to encode Cyrillic letter Khanty Tje" (PDF). 2022-06-16.
- ^ Решетникова, Раиса (2014-09-17). "Хӑннєхә вәԯты щир оԯӑңӑн декларация нєпек – Всеобщая декларация прав человека". Хӑнты ясӑң (18).
Sources
[edit]- Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022-03-24). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
- Abondolo, Daniel (1998). "Khanty". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
- Honti, László (1998). "ObUgrian". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages.
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